{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T15:36:30Z","timestamp":1788363390794,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"S8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,16]],"date-time":"2024-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705363200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BJOG"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n To describe the mortality risks by fine strata of gestational age and birthweight among 230\u2009679 live births in nine low\u2010 and middle\u2010income countries (LMICs) from 2000 to 2017.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Design<\/jats:title>\n Descriptive multi\u2010country secondary data analysis.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Setting<\/jats:title>\n Nine LMICs in sub\u2010Saharan Africa, Southern and Eastern Asia, and Latin America.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Population<\/jats:title>\n Liveborn infants from 15 population\u2010based cohorts.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n Subnational, population\u2010based studies with high\u2010quality birth outcome data were invited to join the Vulnerable Newborn Measurement Collaboration. All studies included birthweight, gestational age measured by ultrasound or last menstrual period, infant sex and neonatal survival. We defined adequate birthweight as 2500\u20133999\u2009g (reference category), macrosomia as \u22654000\u2009g, moderate low as 1500\u20132499\u2009g and very low birthweight as <1500\u2009g. We analysed fine strata classifications of preterm, term and post\u2010term: \u226542\n +0<\/jats:sup>\n , 39\n +0<\/jats:sup>\n \u201341\n +6<\/jats:sup>\n (reference category), 37\n +0<\/jats:sup>\n \u201338\n +6<\/jats:sup>\n , 34\n +0<\/jats:sup>\n \u201336\n +6<\/jats:sup>\n ,34\n +0<\/jats:sup>\n \u201336\n +6<\/jats:sup>\n ,32\n +0<\/jats:sup>\n \u201333\n +6<\/jats:sup>\n , 30\n +0<\/jats:sup>\n \u201331\n +6<\/jats:sup>\n , 28\n +0<\/jats:sup>\n \u201329\n +6<\/jats:sup>\n and less than 28\u2009weeks.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Main outcome measures<\/jats:title>\n Median and interquartile ranges by study for neonatal mortality rates (NMR) and relative risks (RR). We also performed meta\u2010analysis for the relative mortality risks with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) by the fine categories, stratified by regional study setting (sub\u2010Saharan Africa and Southern Asia) and study\u2010level NMR (\u226425 versus >25 neonatal deaths per 1000 live births).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n We found a dose\u2013response relationship between lower gestational ages and birthweights with increasing neonatal mortality risks. The highest NMR and RR were among preterm babies born at <28\u2009weeks (median NMR 359.2 per 1000 live births; RR 18.0, 95% CI 8.6\u201337.6) and very low birthweight (462.8 per 1000 live births; RR 43.4, 95% CI 29.5\u201363.9). We found no statistically significant neonatal mortality risk for macrosomia (RR 1.1, 95% CI 0.6\u20133.0) but a statistically significant risk for all preterm babies, post\u2010term babies (RR 1.3, 95% CI 1.1\u20131.5) and babies born at 37\n 0<\/jats:sup>\n \u201338\n 6<\/jats:sup>\n \u2009weeks (RR 1.2, 95% CI 1.0\u20131.4). There were no statistically significant differences by region or underlying neonatal mortality.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n In addition to tracking vulnerable newborn types, monitoring finer categories of birthweight and gestational age will allow for better understanding of the predictors, interventions and health outcomes for vulnerable newborns. It is imperative that all newborns from live births and stillbirths have an accurate recorded weight and gestational age to track maternal and neonatal health and optimise prevention and care of vulnerable newborns.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.17743","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,16]],"date-time":"2024-01-16T22:48:29Z","timestamp":1705445309000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Neonatal mortality risk of vulnerable newborns by fine stratum of gestational age and birthweight for 230\u2009679 live births in nine low\u2010 and middle\u2010income countries, 2000\u20132017"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"132","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9176-3278","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth A.","family":"Hazel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"International Health Department Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2852-280X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel J.","family":"Erchick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Health Department Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanne","family":"Katz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Health Department Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2654-9862","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne C. C.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Newborn Medicine Brigham and Women's Hospital Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Diaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Health Department Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lee S. F.","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Health Department Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Keith P.","family":"West","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of International Health, Center for Human Nutrition Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abu Ahmed","family":"Shamim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BRAC JP Grant School of Public Health Dhaka Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Parul","family":"Christian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of International Health, Center for Human Nutrition Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hasmot","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"JiVitA Maternal and Child Health Research Project Rangpur Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdullah H.","family":"Baqui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Health Department Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samir K.","family":"Saha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Child Health Research Foundation Dhaka Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salahuddin","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Projahnmo Research Foundation Dhaka Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arunangshu Dutta","family":"Roy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Projahnmo Research Foundation Dhaka Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mari\u00e2ngela F.","family":"Silveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Post\u2010Graduate Program in Epidemiology\u2013Federal University of Pelotas Pelotas Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Romina","family":"Buffarini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Post\u2010Graduate Program in Epidemiology\u2013Federal University of Pelotas Pelotas Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roger","family":"Shapiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Zash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Kolsteren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health Ghent University Ghent Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carl","family":"Lachat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health Ghent University Ghent Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lieven","family":"Huybregts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health Ghent University Ghent Belgium"},{"name":"Poverty, Health and Nutrition Division International Food Policy Research Institute Washington District of Columbia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dominique","family":"Roberfroid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Namur University Namur Belgium"},{"name":"Belgian Health Care Knowledge Centre Brussels Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhonghai","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Centre Xi'an China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lingxia","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Centre Xi'an China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seifu H.","family":"Gebreyesus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Public Health Addis Ababa University Addis Ababa Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kokeb","family":"Tesfamariam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Technology, Safety, and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering Ghent University Ghent Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seth","family":"Adu\u2010Afarwuah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Food Science University of Ghana Accra Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathryn G.","family":"Dewey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Institute for Global Nutrition University of California Davis California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephaney","family":"Gyaase","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kintampo Health Research Centre Kintampo Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kwaku","family":"Poku\u2010Asante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kintampo Health Research Centre Kintampo Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ellen","family":"Boamah Kaali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kintampo Health Research Centre Kintampo Ghana"},{"name":"Research and Development Division Ghana Health Service Accra Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Darby","family":"Jack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Columbia University's Mailman School of Public Health New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thulasiraj","family":"Ravilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aravind Eye Hospital Madurai India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Tielsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"George Washington University Milken Institute School of Public Health Washington District of Columbia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sunita","family":"Taneja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies New Delhi India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ranadip","family":"Chowdhury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies New Delhi India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Per","family":"Ashorn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology Tampere University and Tampere University Hospital Tampere Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenneth","family":"Maleta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Global and Public Health Kamuzu University of Health Sciences Blantyre Malawi"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulla","family":"Ashorn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology Tampere University Tampere Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"Mangani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Global and Public Health Kamuzu University of Health Sciences Blantyre Malawi"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luke C.","family":"Mullany","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Health Department Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Subarna K.","family":"Khatry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NNIPS Kathmandu Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vundli","family":"Ramokolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HIV and Other Infectious Diseases Research Unit South African Medical Research Council Cape Town South Africa"},{"name":"Gertrude H Sergievsky Center, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons Columbia University Irving Medical Center New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wanga","family":"Zembe\u2010Mkabile","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Systems Research Unit South African Medical Research Council Cape Town South Africa"},{"name":"College Graduate of Studies University of South Africa Pretoria South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wafaie W.","family":"Fawzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dongqing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global and Community Health, College of Public Health George Mason University Fairfax Virginia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9360-9741","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christentze","family":"Schmiegelow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Medical Parasitology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen and Department of Infectious Diseases Copenhagen University Hospital Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics Copenhagen University Hospital \u2013 North Zealand Hilleroed Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Minja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Medical Research Tanga Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Omari Abdul","family":"Msemo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Medical Research Tanga Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John P. A.","family":"Lusingu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Medical Research Tanga Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily R.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Health Milken Institute School of Public Health Washington District of Columbia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Honorati","family":"Masanja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ifakara Health Institute Dar es Salaam Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aroonsri","family":"Mongkolchati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ASEAN Institute for Health Development Mahidol University Salaya Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paniya","family":"Keentupthai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine and Public Health Ubon Ratchathani University Ubon Ratchathani Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abel","family":"Kakuru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration Kampala Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Kajubi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration Kampala Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8360-1391","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katherine","family":"Semrau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ariadne Labs, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health Boston Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Division of Global Health Equity, Department of Medicine Brigham and Women's Hospital Boston Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Davidson H.","family":"Hamer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Health Boston University School of Public Health Boston Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Albert","family":"Manasyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham Alabama USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6312-4420","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jake M.","family":"Pry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia Lusaka Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernard","family":"Chasekwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zvitambo Institute for Maternal and Child Health Research Harare Zimbabwe"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean","family":"Humphrey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Health Department Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert E.","family":"Black","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Health Department Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","volume-title":"Levels and trends in child mortality","author":"United Nations inter\u2010agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation (UN IGME)","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)00522-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-016-2131-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1471\u20100528.17518"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.17506"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12963-019-0195-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2015-308553"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(19)30108-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1471\u20100528.17510"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-060105"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2006-1192"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)68381-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","volume-title":"Stata statistical software: release 17","author":"StataCorp","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.1633"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa064868"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2009.28253"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.114.088617"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2010.10-0264"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-024861"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0044773"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)61731-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_1","unstructured":"Effectiveness of 4% chlorhexidine umbilical cord care on neonatal mortality in Southern Province Zambia (ZamCAT): a cluster\u2010randomised controlled trial \u2010 ClinicalKey [Internet]. [cited 2022 Jun 13]. Available from:https:\/\/www\u2010clinicalkey\u2010com.proxy1.library.jhu.edu\/#!\/content\/playContent\/1\u2010s2.0\u2010S2214109X16302157?returnurl=https:%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS2214109X16302157%3Fshowall%3Dtrue&referrer=https:%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-020-03361-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mcn.12041"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.16819"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31127-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000001108"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.327.7409.254"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60891-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_31_1","unstructured":"Impact of Sunflower Seed Oil Massage on Neonatal Mortality and Morbidity in Nepal (NOMS) [Internet]. Available from:https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT01177111"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.a2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyx219"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-018-4726-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/2333794X231183814","article-title":"Neonatal birth trauma and its predisposing factors among newborns admitted to public hospitals in eastern Ethiopia: a cross\u2010sectional study","volume":"10","author":"Tolosa G","year":"2023","journal-title":"Glob Pediatr Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60993-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(19)30220-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_38_1","volume-title":"Small\u2010for\u2010gestational\u2010age (SGA) infant (intrauterine growth restriction)","author":"Balest AL","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.01.049"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2016.03.045"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_41_1","volume-title":"ICD\u201010\u2009: international statistical classification of diseases and related health problems\u2009: tenth revision [Internet]","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_42_1","volume-title":"Born too soon: decade of action on preterm birth","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1471\u20100528.17505"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_44_1","volume-title":"WHO antenatal care recommendations for a positive pregnancy experience: maternal and fetal assessment update: imaging ultrasound before 24\u2009weeks of pregnancy","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-016-1192-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jog.13801"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s43856-022-00194-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)62234-9"}],"container-title":["BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/1471-0528.17743","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]],"date-time":"2025-12-05T02:35:45Z","timestamp":1764902145000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/1471-0528.17743"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,16]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"S8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/1471-0528.17743"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1471-0528.17743","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1470-0328","1471-0528"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1470-0328","type":"print"},{"value":"1471-0528","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-07-31","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-12-13","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-01-16","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}