{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T19:44:06Z","timestamp":1792439046892,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,25]],"date-time":"2024-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719273600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BJOG"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to investigate the incidence, risk factors and trends for vaginal cancer.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Retrospective observational design.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Data were collected from multiple sources, including the Global Cancer Observatory, Cancer Incidence in Five Continents Plus, Global Burden of Disease, World Bank and the United Nations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Population<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Individuals diagnosed with vaginal cancer.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study collected data on vaginal cancer from the specified sources. The age\u2010standardised rate (ASR) of vaginal cancer was calculated for different regions and age groups. Multivariable and univariable linear regression analyses were performed to examine the associations between risk factors and the incidence of vaginal cancer. Trend analysis was conducted using joinpoint regression analysis, and the average annual percentage change (AAPC) was calculated to quantify the temporal trend.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Main Outcome Measures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The main outcome measures of the study were the incidence of vaginal cancer, risk factors associated with the disease and the trend of its incidence over time.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There were 17\u2009908 newly reported cases of vaginal cancer (ASR\u2009=\u20090.36, 95%\u2009CI 0.30\u20130.44) in 2020, with the highest ASRs reported in South\u2013Central Asia and Southern Africa. Risk factors associated with a higher incidence of vaginal cancer included a higher prevalence of unsafe sex and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. The temporal trend showed an overall rising incidence globally, with Iceland (AAPC\u2009=\u200929.56, 95%\u2009CI 12.12\u201349.71), Chile (AAPC\u2009=\u200922.83, 95%\u2009CI 13.20\u201333.27), Bahrain (AAPC\u2009=\u200922.05, 95%\u2009CI 10.83\u201334.40) and the UK (AAPC\u2009=\u20091.40, 95%\u2009CI 0.41\u20132.39) demonstrating the most significant rising trends.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The significant regional disparities and risk factors associated with vaginal cancer underscore the necessity for targeted interventions and education, particularly in regions with a lower human development index (HDI) and a higher prevalence of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. The increasing incidence trend emphasises the need for enhanced HPV vaccination rates to prevent the development of vaginal cancer.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.17887","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,26]],"date-time":"2024-06-26T00:59:15Z","timestamp":1719363555000},"page":"1660-1672","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Incidence distributions, risk factors and trends of vaginal cancer: A global population\u2010based study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"131","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2382-4443","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junjie","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine Chinese University of Hong Kong  Hong Kong, SAR China"},{"name":"Centre for Health Education and Health Promotion, Faculty of Medicine The Chinese University of Hong Kong  Hong Kong, SAR China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sze Chai","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine Chinese University of Hong Kong  Hong Kong, SAR China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wing Sze","family":"Pang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine Chinese University of Hong Kong  Hong Kong, SAR China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fung Yu","family":"Mak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine Chinese University of Hong Kong  Hong Kong, SAR China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yat Ching","family":"Fung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine Chinese University of Hong Kong  Hong Kong, SAR China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Veeleah","family":"Lok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institute Karolinska University Hospital  Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Suzhou Industrial Park Monash Research Institute of Science and Technology  Suzhou China"},{"name":"The School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine Monash University  Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xu","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine Zhejiang University  Hangzhou Zhejiang China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"III","given":"Don Eliseo","family":"Lucero\u2010Prisno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Health and Development London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wanghong","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health Fudan University  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhi\u2010Jie","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Health, School of Public Health Peking University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edmar","family":"Elcarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of the Philippines  Manila Philippines"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mellissa","family":"Withers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population and Health Sciences, Institute for Global Health University of Southern California  Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin C. 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