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Random\u2010effects meta\u2010analyses were used to calculate pooled estimates. The Meta\u2010analyses of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) guidelines were followed. The protocol was prospectively registered on the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO: CRD42022359017).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Main results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Of the 16\u2009310 articles identified, 33 studies were included (3\u2009973\u2009631 participants). Termination of pregnancy was associated with depression (pooled adjusted odds ratio, aOR\u20091.49, 95%\u2009CI 1.20\u20131.83) and anxiety disorder (pooled aOR\u20091.43, 95%\u2009CI 1.20\u20131.71). Miscarriage was associated with depression (pooled aOR\u20091.97, 95%\u2009CI 1.38\u20132.82) and anxiety disorder (pooled aOR\u20091.24, 95%\u2009CI 1.11\u20131.39). Sensitivity analyses excluding early pregnancy loss and termination reported similar results. Preterm birth was associated with depression (pooled aOR\u20091.37, 95%\u2009CI 1.32\u20131.42), anxiety disorder (pooled aOR\u20090.97, 95%\u2009CI 0.41\u20132.27) and post\u2010traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (pooled aOR\u20091.75, 95%\u2009CI 0.52\u20135.89). Caesarean section was not significantly associated with PTSD (pooled aOR\u20092.51, 95%\u2009CI 0.75\u20138.37). There were few studies on other mental disorders and therefore it was not possible to perform meta\u2010analyses.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Exposure to complications during pregnancy and birth increases the odds of long\u2010term depression, anxiety disorder and PTSD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.17889","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,18]],"date-time":"2024-06-18T08:28:03Z","timestamp":1718699283000},"page":"131-142","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Pregnancy and birth complications and long\u2010term maternal mental health outcomes: A systematic review and meta\u2010analysis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"132","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0543-8349","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth O.","family":"Bodunde","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health University College Cork  Cork Ireland"},{"name":"INFANT Research Centre University College Cork  Cork Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daire","family":"Buckley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INFANT Research Centre University College Cork  Cork Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eimear","family":"O'Neill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Perinatal Mental Health Acute Mental Health Services (AMHS) and Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services (CAMHS), University College Cork  Cork Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7212-2304","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sukainah","family":"Al Khalaf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mohammed Al\u2010Mana College for Medical Sciences  Dammam Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6722-0484","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gillian M.","family":"Maher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health University College Cork  Cork Ireland"},{"name":"INFANT Research Centre University College Cork  Cork Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"O'Connor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RISE, Early Intervention in Psychosis Team South Lee Mental Health Services  Cork Ireland"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Science University College Cork  Cork Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fergus P.","family":"McCarthy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INFANT Research Centre University College Cork  Cork Ireland"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Cork University Maternity Hospital  Cork Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karolina","family":"Kublickiene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology Karolinska Institutet  Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"Matvienko\u2010Sikar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health University College Cork  Cork Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali S.","family":"Khashan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health University College Cork  Cork Ireland"},{"name":"INFANT Research Centre University College Cork  Cork Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","unstructured":"Buck LouisGM RobertWP.Reproductive and perinatal epidemiology. 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