{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T20:35:51Z","timestamp":1790282151768,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,25]],"date-time":"2024-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732492800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"National Institute for Health and Care Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009324","name":"Tommy's","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009324","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000361","name":"Diabetes UK","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000361","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BJOG"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Establish whether pregnancies complicated by gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) are associated with a fetal cardiac phenotype that predisposes to arrhythmia; utilising measurements derived from non\u2010invasive abdominal fetal ECG.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Prospective observational study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>Three tertiary obstetric units, United Kingdom.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Population<\/jats:title><jats:p>Women aged \u2265\u200916\u2009years with either GDM or uncomplicated pregnancy (control) who were &gt;\u200920\u2009weeks gestational age.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The MonicaAN24 non\u2010invasive abdominal fetal ECG monitor was fitted for overnight recording.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Main Outcome Measure<\/jats:title><jats:p>Calculation of the fetal heart rate (FHR) and fetal heart rate variability (HRV) time domain metrics standard deviation of normal\u2010to\u2010normal intervals (SDNN), root mean square of successive differences (RMSSD) and the PR, QRS, QT intervals was performed. Groups were compared using linear regression models (stratified by sleep state) and adjusted for fetal sex and ethnicity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Ninety\u2010six participants were included. For HRV in sleep state 1F, SDNN was higher for GDM than control participants 12.56 (10.45\u201316.62)ms versus 8.58 (5.83\u20139.73)ms [<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.01] [median (IQR)]. There were no differences in SDNN in sleep state 2F. No differences were identified in RMSSD in either sleep states or in the cardiac time intervals. We observed a negative correlation between HRV and body mass index\/HbA1c and a positive correlation between FHR and body mass index\/HbA1c in sleep states 1F\/2F.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Alterations of HRV and FHR rate may be associated with a diagnosis of GDM, likely secondary to altered autonomic function in utero.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.18010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,25]],"date-time":"2024-11-25T09:24:54Z","timestamp":1732526694000},"page":"473-482","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Fetal Heart Rate Analysis in Pregnancies Complicated by Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Prospective Multicentre Observational Study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"132","author":[{"given":"Sian","family":"Chivers","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Women's and Children's Health King's College London  London UK"},{"name":"Department of Fetal and Paediatric Cardiology Evelina London children's Hospital  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4859-0324","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caroline","family":"Ovadia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Women's and Children's Health King's College London  London UK"},{"name":"Department of Obstetric Medicine Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tharni","family":"Vasavan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Women's and Children's Health King's College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maristella","family":"Lucchini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Columbia University Irving Medical Center  New York USA"},{"name":"Division of Developmental Neuroscience New York State Psychiatric Institute  New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barrie","family":"Hayes\u2010Gill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering University of Nottingham  Nottingham UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicol\u00f2","family":"Pini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Columbia University Irving Medical Center  New York USA"},{"name":"Division of Developmental Neuroscience New York State Psychiatric Institute  New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William Paul","family":"Fifer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Columbia University Irving Medical Center  New York USA"},{"name":"Division of Developmental Neuroscience New York State Psychiatric Institute  New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Williamson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Women's and Children's Health King's College London  London UK"},{"name":"Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","unstructured":"International Diabetes Federation \u201cIDF Diabetes Atlas Tenth Edition \u201d2021 accessed October 11 2023 https:\/\/www.diabetesatlas.org\/idfawp\/resource\u2010files\/2021\/07\/IDF_Atlas_10th_Edition_2021.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.38043.583160.EE"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.28.2.323"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.38856.692986.AE"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc11-1687"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0b013e31826994ec"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1469-0705.1996.08010008.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","first-page":"15","article-title":"The Impacts of Maternal Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) on Fetal Hearts","volume":"25","author":"Chen C. H.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biomedical and Environmental Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2008.07.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00246-003-0538-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2010.08.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2011.08.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.14474"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.22664"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.17345"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pd.4210"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/jpm.2010.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15277\/bjdvd.2015.029"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.038"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41372-019-0342-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-3782(82)90106-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2017.00258"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijgo.13096"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc09-1848"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10153378"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2015.11.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","first-page":"210","article-title":"Non\u2010Linear Heart Rate Variability and Risk Stratification in Cardiovascular Disease","volume":"5","author":"Stein P. K.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Indian Pacing and Electrophysiology Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2011.06.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000005102"}],"container-title":["BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics &amp; Gynaecology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/1471-0528.18010","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,5]],"date-time":"2025-02-05T02:40:58Z","timestamp":1738723258000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/1471-0528.18010"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,25]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/1471-0528.18010"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1471-0528.18010","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1470-0328","1471-0528"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1470-0328","type":"print"},{"value":"1471-0528","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-04-09","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-11-05","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-11-25","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}