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TWAS was used to identify gene expression between smoking and EM, with Mendelian randomisation (MR) to infer causality. Enrichment analysis explored regulatory networks of transcription factors, microRNAs and potential therapeutic targets. Small molecule drugs were predicted using drug\u2010gene interaction analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Main Outcome Measures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>EM prevalence and common gene expression patterns.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Women with over 30 pack\u2010years of smoking had about 1.5 times higher EM risk, with RRs of 1.39 (95%CI, 1.23\u20131.56), 1.45 (1.33\u20131.59) and 1.45 (1.36\u20131.55) in the low, intermediate and high genetic risk groups. TWAS identified hub genes such as IMMP2L, BMPR2 and HMGN1. MR confirmed daily cigarette consumption as a causal factor in early menopause. Several potential therapeutic targets (e.g., SP600125, INCB18424 and ruxolitinib) were identified.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Smoking reduction significantly lowered the risk of EM. Hub genes and therapeutic targets identified provided new avenues for mitigating harmful effects of smoking.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.18052","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,27]],"date-time":"2024-12-27T04:23:48Z","timestamp":1735273428000},"page":"625-637","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Smoking, Genetic Susceptibility and Early Menopause: Unveiling Biological Mechanisms and Potential Therapy Targets"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"132","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-7404-694X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuhang","family":"Liang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Reproductive Medicine Center Xiangya Hospital, Central South University  Changsha China"},{"name":"Bioinformatics Center, Furong Laboratory, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Department of Geriatrics Xiangya 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