{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,8]],"date-time":"2026-11-08T13:25:16Z","timestamp":1794144316529,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,23]],"date-time":"2025-04-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745366400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100023233","name":"National Institute for Health and Care Research Applied Research Collaboration Oxford and Thames Valley","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100023233","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000274","name":"British Heart Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000274","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BJOG"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Assessment of whether maternal anaemia in early pregnancy is associated with offspring congenital heart disease (CHD).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Matched case\u2013control study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>January 1998\u2013October 2020, United Kingdom.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Population<\/jats:title><jats:p>Women with a haemoglobin measurement in the first 100\u2009days of pregnancy and a CHD\u2010diagnosed child.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Data were extracted from the United Kingdom Clinical Practice Research Datalink GOLD database of electronic health records. Cases were 2,776 women with a CHD\u2010diagnosed child. These were compared to 13\u2009880 matched controls, women without a CHD\u2010diagnosed child. Anaemia was classified as &lt;\u2009110\u2009g\/L haemoglobin following the WHO definition. A conditional logistic regression analysis was conducted, adjusted for potential maternal demographic and health\u2010related confounders.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Main Outcome Measures<\/jats:title><jats:p>Offspring CHD diagnosed within 5\u2009years of birth.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>123 (4.4%) cases and 390 (2.8%) controls had anaemia. After adjusting for potential confounders, the odds of giving birth to a CHD\u2010diagnosed child were 47% higher among anaemic mothers (adjusted OR 1.47, 95% CI 1.18,1.83, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The observed association between maternal anaemia in early pregnancy and increased risk of offspring CHD supports our recent evidence in mice. Approximately two\u2010thirds of anaemia cases globally are due to iron deficiency. A clinical trial of periconceptional iron supplementation might be a minimally invasive and low\u2010cost intervention for the prevention of some CHD if iron deficiency anaemia is proven to be a cause.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.18150","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,23]],"date-time":"2025-04-23T07:01:05Z","timestamp":1745391665000},"page":"1139-1146","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Maternal Anaemia and Congenital Heart Disease in Offspring: A Case\u2013Control Study Using Linked Electronic Health Records in the United Kingdom"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"132","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0660-5054","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manisha","family":"Nair","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford  Oxford 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