{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]],"date-time":"2025-12-05T01:34:11Z","timestamp":1764898451278,"version":"3.46.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,7]],"date-time":"2025-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757203200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001782","name":"University of Melbourne","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001782","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015988","name":"Norman Beischer Medical Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015988","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BJOG"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To examine the combined influence of food environment, built environment, socio\u2010economic status and individual factors (maternal age, parity, smoking status and need for an interpreter) on maternal overweight, gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and large\u2010for\u2010gestational age (LGA) births in Australia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Retrospective cohort study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Melbourne, Australia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Population<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>163\u2009760 singleton pregnancies\/births.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Main Outcomes Measures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Primary outcomes: maternal overweight, GDM and LGA births.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Structural equation modelling (SEM) assessed direct and indirect associations, with maternal overweight as a mediator. LCA was used to classify risk variation across socio\u2010economic strata.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Among 163\u2009760 births, a higher density of unhealthy food outlets, lower liveability scores and greater socio\u2010economic disadvantage were associated with maternal overweight. Maternal overweight strongly predicted GDM (\n                      <jats:italic>c<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.118, 95% CI: 0.113\u20130.124;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) LGA births (\n                      <jats:italic>c<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.058, 95% CI: 0.053\u20130.059;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), while higher liveability and walkability environments were protective against maternal overweight (\n                      <jats:italic>c<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009\u22120.011, 95% CI: \u22120.019 to \u22120.002;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). LCA identified a high\u2010risk subgroup (85.1% overweight, 34.4% GDM) concentrated in socio\u2010economically disadvantaged areas with poor access to healthy food and more walkable neighbourhoods.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Environmental and socio\u2010economic factors have significant independent influences on maternal overweight, GDM and LGA births. Addressing food access disparities, improving the walkability and liveability of residential areas and ensuring equitable healthcare infrastructure could reduce maternal health risks and promote better pregnancy outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.18357","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]],"date-time":"2025-09-08T05:59:47Z","timestamp":1757311187000},"page":"283-292","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Food, Built and Socio\u2010Economic Environments and Maternal\u2013Infant Outcomes: A Geospatial and Structural Equation Modelling of 163\u2009000 Births"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"133","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2696-7335","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melvin B.","family":"Marzan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Melbourne Medical School The University of Melbourne  Melbourne Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Mercy Hospital for Women Mercy Health  Heidelberg Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Generation Victoria, Centre for Community Child Health Murdoch Children's Research Institute  Melbourne Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Reproductive Epidemiology Group Murdoch Children's Research Institute  Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel L.","family":"Rolnik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Monash Health  Clayton Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Monash University  Clayton Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Heng","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology and Public Health La Trobe University  Melbourne Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Centre for Health Equity Melbourne School of Population and Global Health  Carlton Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6263-0030","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanne M.","family":"Said","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Melbourne Medical School The University of Melbourne  Melbourne Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Maternal\u2010Fetal Medicine Department Joan Kirner Women's and Children's Hospital, Western Health  St Albans Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7421-6291","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kirsten R.","family":"Palmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Monash Health  Clayton Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Monash University  Clayton Victoria 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