{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T10:25:23Z","timestamp":1781087123135,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"S8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]],"date-time":"2025-11-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762732800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":9,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IDINV\u2010053360"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IDINV\u2010053360"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BJOG"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n To examine the prevalence of large\u2010for\u2010gestational age (LGA) and macrosomia in 23 countries between 2000 and 2021.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Design<\/jats:title>\n Descriptive multi\u2010country secondary data analysis.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Setting<\/jats:title>\n \n Subnational, population\u2010based cohort studies (\n k<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u200945 for LGA,\n k<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u200925 for macrosomia) in 23 low\u2010 and middle\u2010income countries (LMICs).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Population<\/jats:title>\n Liveborn infants.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n We conducted a secondary analysis of individual\u2010level data from the Vulnerable Newborn Measurement Collaboration, using INTERGROWTH\u201021st standards to define LGA (>\u200990th centile for gestational age and sex) and macrosomia (\u2265\u20094000\u2009g, regardless of gestational age). We included LMIC population\u2010based datasets with reliable gestational age and birthweight data, excluding studies with small sample sizes, high missing data, or implausible measurements. Prevalence estimates were stratified by region, study period and gestational age, and results were summarised as medians and interquartile ranges (IQR).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Main Outcome Measures<\/jats:title>\n Prevalence of LGA and macrosomia.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Among 476\u2009939 live births, the median prevalence of LGA was 5.1% (IQR: 2.9%\u20139.6%) and was highest in Latin America and the Caribbean at 9.6% (4 studies, IQR: 2.7%\u201316.1%) and lowest in South Asia at 2.7% (13 studies, IQR: 2.3%\u20133.7%). Over time, the median LGA prevalence increased from 4.9% (12 studies; IQR: 4.1%\u20137.9%) during the period from 2000 to 2010 to 5.9% (33 studies, IQR: 2.7%\u201311.2%) from 2011 to 2021. Term LGA was more common at 3.2% (0.9\u20135.1) than preterm or post\u2010term LGA. Among 313\u2009064 live births, the median prevalence of macrosomia was 1.3% (\n n<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u2009313\u2009064, IQR: 0.2%\u20132.4%), which was highest in Latin America and the Caribbean (4 studies, 3.1%, IQR: 0.7%\u20136.8%) and lowest in South Asia (8 studies, 0.1%, IQR: 0.0%\u20130.7%). The median prevalence remained stable over time: 1.1% (8 studies, IQR: 0.2%\u20133.1%) in older studies (2000\u20132010) and 1.3% (17 studies, IQR: 0.5%\u20132.4%) in more recent studies (2011\u20132021). Term macrosomia was more common at 1.2% (0.2\u20132.0) than preterm and post\u2010term macrosomia.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n The overall prevalence of LGA and macrosomia was lower in these LMIC studies than is reported in high\u2010income countries. The prevalence of large babies was highest in Latin America and the Caribbean.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.70044","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]],"date-time":"2025-11-11T02:31:32Z","timestamp":1762828292000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Prevalence of Large\u2010for\u2010Gestational Age and Macrosomia Among Livebirths in 23 Low\u2010 and Middle\u2010Income Countries Between 2000 and 2021: An Individual Participant Data Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"132","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9584-6329","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fati","family":"Kirakoya\u2010Samadoulougou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of International Health Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Baltimore Maryland USA"},{"name":"Centre de Recheche en Epidemiologie, Biostatistique et Recherche Clinique, Ecole de Sant\u00e9 Publique Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles Brussels Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joyeuse","family":"Ukwishaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recheche en Epidemiologie, Biostatistique et Recherche Clinique, Ecole de Sant\u00e9 Publique Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles Brussels Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Calypse","family":"Ngwasiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recheche en Epidemiologie, Biostatistique et Recherche Clinique, Ecole de Sant\u00e9 Publique Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles Brussels Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seema","family":"Subedi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of International Health Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9176-3278","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth A.","family":"Hazel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of International Health Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2852-280X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel J.","family":"Erchick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of International Health Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lee Shu Fune","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of International Health Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Grandi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Argentine Society of Paediatrics, Ciudad Aut\u00f3noma de Buenos Aires Buenos Aires Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carl","family":"Lachat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health Ghent University Ghent Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"La\u00e9ticia C\u00e9line","family":"Toe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health Ghent University Ghent Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dominique","family":"Roberfroid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Namur University Namur 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