{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T12:07:41Z","timestamp":1790251661554,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769644800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769644800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"National Institute for Health and Care Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100023232","name":"National Institute for Health Research Applied Research Collaboration South London","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100023232","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009362","name":"South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009362","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009360","name":"King's College London","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009360","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BJOG"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n To examine ethnic disparities in perinatal outcomes and the role of migration factors.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Design<\/jats:title>\n Retrospective cohort.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Setting<\/jats:title>\n Two maternity services in South London, UK.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Population or Sample<\/jats:title>\n Women birthing singleton infants between 24 and 43\u2009weeks' gestation (2018\u20132023).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n Linked electronic health records were analysed using generalised linear mixed models (GLMMs) with Poisson distribution to estimate adjusted risk ratios (aRR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) by ethnicity, migration, interpreter need, and country\u2010of\u2010origin income, adjusting for socioeconomic deprivation and medical risk.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Main Outcome Measures<\/jats:title>\n Emergency caesarean, haemorrhage, preterm birth, low birthweight, low Apgar score, stillbirth or neonatal death.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Among 44\u2009634 births, compared with White women, emergency caesarean risk was higher for Asian (aRR 1.22, 95% CI 1.14\u20131.30,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u20090.001) and Black women (1.16, 1.10\u20131.23,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u20090.001). Haemorrhage was higher for Asian women (1.12, 1.02\u20131.23,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.021), those needing interpretation (1.16, 1.06\u20131.27,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u20090.001), and lower for Mixed ethnicity women (0.86, 0.74\u20130.99,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.038). Infants of Black women had elevated risks of preterm birth (1.23, 1.13\u20131.34,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u20090.001), low birthweight (1.74, 1.60\u20131.89,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u20090.001), low Apgar (2.06, 1.71\u20132.48,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u20090.001), and stillbirth\/neonatal death (1.57, 1.21\u20132.05,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u20090.001). Asian infants had increased risks of preterm birth (1.19, 1.07\u20131.33,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.002) and low birthweight (1.69, 1.52\u20131.87,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u20090.001). Foreign\u2010born women had lower risks of low birthweight (0.71, 0.62\u20130.81,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u20090.001) but higher risks of low Apgar (1.24, 1.06\u20131.46,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.009) and stillbirth\/neonatal death (1.33, 1.07\u20131.65,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.011). Risks were highest for ethnic minority, foreign\u2010born women, though effect sizes were modest.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n Ethnic minority and foreign\u2010born women, particularly from LMICs or needing interpreters, face elevated risks with modest clinical impact.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.70169","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T09:55:48Z","timestamp":1769680548000},"page":"1249-1261","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The Role of Ethnicity and Migration in Perinatal Inequalities: A Retrospective Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"133","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3027-8025","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hannah","family":"Rayment\u2010Jones","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Women and Children's Health King's College London London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sam","family":"Burton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Women and Children's Health King's College London London UK"},{"name":"School of Psychology Liverpool John Moores University Liverpool UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Bridle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kings College Hospital NHS Trust London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yahye","family":"Mohamud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine King's College London London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abigail","family":"Easter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Women and Children's Health King's College London London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7904-7933","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul","family":"Seed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Women and Children's Health King's College London London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"The eLIXIR Born in South London Partnership","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jane","family":"Sandall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Women and Children's Health King's College London London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjqs-2023-016606"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","unstructured":"Care Quality Commission \u201cSafety \u2013 Care Quality Commission \u201d(2024) 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