{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T14:47:28Z","timestamp":1782398848266,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782345600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782345600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BJOG"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) remains the most effective treatment for vasomotor symptoms (VMS) and other manifestations of menopause; however, its use is limited in women with contraindications to oestrogen. Progestogen monotherapy, though historically underutilized, represents a viable alternative in this population. This narrative review summarizes the indications, efficacy, and limitations of progestogen monotherapy as MHT. A structured literature search identified systematic reviews, guidelines, randomized controlled trials, and cohort studies evaluating progestogen monotherapy for menopausal symptom management, bone health, and oncologic safety. Evidence supports its use in patients with contraindications specific to oestrogen, including those with certain gynecologic malignancies (e.g., low\u2010grade endometrial stromal sarcoma, select ovarian cancers), prior venous thromboembolism, coronary artery disease, compensated liver disease, and endometriosis. Contraindications to progestogen monotherapy are limited to unexplained abnormal vaginal bleeding and personal history of breast cancer, with caution utilised in patients with meningioma. Clinical data demonstrate that progestogens provide significant VMS relief, with efficacy observed across oral, intramuscular, and transdermal preparations. Micronized progesterone shows additional benefits for sleep quality, while synthetic progestins such as medroxyprogesterone acetate, megestrol acetate, and norethindrone acetate variably confer bone protection. Effects on mood appear neutral overall. Breast cancer risk associated with progestogen monotherapy remains uncertain due to limited and underpowered studies. Despite promising evidence, research is constrained by heterogeneous methodologies, small sample sizes, and lack of contemporary trials directly comparing progestogen monotherapy with standard MHT or nonhormonal alternatives. In conclusion, progestogen monotherapy is an effective, well\u2010tolerated, and under\u2010recognized therapeutic option for women with contraindications to oestrogen\u2010containing MHT. Its optimal use may be tailored to clinical context: micronized progesterone for sleep disturbance, norethindrone acetate for bone health, or progestins with known antineoplastic properties in hormone\u2010sensitive tumours. Larger, high\u2010quality studies are needed to better define long\u2010term safety and efficacy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.70292","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T13:57:42Z","timestamp":1782395862000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Indications and Efficacy of Progestogen\u2010Monotherapy as Menopause Hormone Therapy: A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-0836-4364","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chloe","family":"Thomas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Global Affairs King's College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivia","family":"Carere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Temerty School of Medicine University of Toronto  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauren","family":"Clarfield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology University of Toronto  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle","family":"Jacobson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology University of Toronto  Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology William Osler Health System  Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000441353.20693.78","article-title":"Management of Menopausal Symptoms","volume":"123","author":"ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 141","year":"2014","journal-title":"Obstetrics and Gynecology"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jogc.2021.08.003","article-title":"Guideline No. 422a: Menopause: Vasomotor Symptoms, Prescription Therapeutic Agents, Complementary and Alternative Medicine, Nutrition, and Lifestyle","volume":"43","author":"Yuksel N.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1177\/1933719112438061","article-title":"The Hormonal Profile of Norethindrone Acetate: Rationale for Add\u2010Back Therapy With Gonadotropin\u2010Releasing Hormone Agonists in Women With Endometriosis","volume":"19","author":"Chwalisz K.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Reproductive Sciences"},{"issue":"10333","key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1412","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)00323-3","article-title":"Endometrial Cancer","volume":"399","author":"Crosbie E. J.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1136\/ijgc-2019-001105","article-title":"Endometrial Cancer in Young Women: Prognostic Factors and Treatment Outcomes in Women Aged <\/=40\u2009Years","volume":"30","author":"Son J.","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Journal of Gynecological Cancer"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1097\/GME.0000000000002028","article-title":"The 2022 Hormone Therapy Position Statement of the North American Menopause Society","volume":"29","author":"The Hormone Therapy Position Statement of The North American Menopause Society\" Advisory, P","year":"2022","journal-title":"Menopause"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1628","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2014.03.006","article-title":"Effects of Hormone Replacement Therapy on the Rate of Recurrence in Endometrial Cancer Survivors: A Meta\u2010Analysis","volume":"50","author":"Shim S. H.","year":"2014","journal-title":"European Journal of Cancer"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0045-1802985","article-title":"The Safety of Hormone Replacement Therapy in Gynecological Cancer Survivors","volume":"43","author":"Dodhia V.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Seminars in Reproductive Medicine"},{"issue":"10430","key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)02802-7","article-title":"Managing Menopause After Cancer","volume":"403","author":"Hickey M.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc.2016.113","article-title":"The Disparate Origins of Ovarian Cancers: Pathogenesis and Prevention Strategies","volume":"17","author":"Karnezis A. N.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature Reviews. Cancer"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","article-title":"Hormone Replacement Therapy After Surgery for Epithelial Ovarian Cancer","volume":"1","author":"Saeaib N.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygyno.2015.07.109","article-title":"Postoperative Hormone Replacement Therapy for Epithelial Ovarian Cancer Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta\u2010Analysis","volume":"139","author":"Li D.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gynecologic Oncology"},{"issue":"9980","key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1835","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)61687-1","article-title":"Menopausal Hormone Use and Ovarian Cancer Risk: Individual Participant Meta\u2010Analysis of 52 Epidemiological Studies","volume":"385","author":"Collaborative Group On Epidemiological Studies Of Ovarian, C","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15020356","article-title":"Impact of Hormone Replacement Therapy on the Overall Survival and Progression Free Survival of Ovarian Cancer Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta\u2010Analysis","volume":"15","author":"Achimas\u2010Cadariu P. A.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"issue":"13","key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14133090","article-title":"Postoperative Hormone Replacement Therapy and Survival in Women With Ovarian Cancer","volume":"14","author":"Ji E.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2907","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.22218","article-title":"Use of Hormone Replacement Therapy Before and After Ovarian Cancer Diagnosis and Ovarian Cancer Survival","volume":"119","author":"Mascarenhas C.","year":"2006","journal-title":"International Journal of Cancer"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0142(19990915)86:6<1013::AID-CNCR17>3.0.CO;2-1","article-title":"Estrogen Replacement Therapy for Ovarian Carcinoma Survivors: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"86","author":"Guidozzi F.","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2003.09.031","article-title":"Hormone Replacement Therapy in Cancer Survivors","volume":"48","author":"Biglia N.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2023-078078","article-title":"Use of Progestogens and the Risk of Intracranial Meningioma: National Case\u2010Control Study","volume":"384","author":"Roland N.","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bas.2024.104154","article-title":"Recommendations on the Management of Meningioma and Sex Hormone Therapy: The Results of a Collaborative Effort Between Neurosurgical, Endocrine and Gynecological Societies","volume":"5","author":"Reuter G.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Brain Spine"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmx011","article-title":"The Management of Menopause in Women With a History of Endometriosis: A Systematic Review","volume":"23","author":"Gemmell L. C.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Human Reproduction Update"},{"issue":"16","key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13164026","article-title":"Malignant Transformation of Postmenopausal Endometriosis: A Systematic Review of the Literature","volume":"13","author":"Giannella L.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.31559","article-title":"Reproductive Health and Liver Disease: Practice Guidance by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases","volume":"73","author":"Sarkar M.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","first-page":"394","article-title":"Genitourinary Menopause Syndrome. Postmenopausal Women Management: CNGOF and GEMVi Clinical Practice Guidelines","volume":"49","author":"Hocke C.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gynecologie, Obstetrique, Fertilite & Senologie"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.642280","article-title":"Hormone Therapy and Venous Thromboembolism Among Postmenopausal Women: Impact of the Route of Estrogen Administration and Progestogens: The ESTHER Study","volume":"115","author":"Canonico M.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2011.10.002","article-title":"Progestogens and Venous Thromboembolism Among Postmenopausal Women Using Hormone Therapy","volume":"70","author":"Canonico M.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1080\/13697137.2018.1446931","article-title":"Progestogens and Venous Thromboembolism in Menopausal Women: An Updated Oral Versus Transdermal Estrogen Meta\u2010Analysis","volume":"21","author":"Scarabin P. Y.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Climacteric"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.109.196022","article-title":"Postmenopausal Hormone Therapy and Risk of Idiopathic Venous Thromboembolism: Results From the E3N Cohort Study","volume":"30","author":"Canonico M.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology"},{"issue":"9382","key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)14065-2","article-title":"Breast Cancer and Hormone\u2010Replacement Therapy in the Million Women Study","volume":"362","author":"Beral V.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"20","key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1748","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2024.6542","article-title":"The Women's Health Initiative Randomized Trials and Clinical Practice: A Review","volume":"331","author":"Manson J. E.","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s10549-015-3663-1","article-title":"Progestin and Breast Cancer Risk: A Systematic Review","volume":"155","author":"Samson M.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Research and Treatment"},{"issue":"9407","key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)15493-7","article-title":"HABITS (Hormonal Replacement Therapy After Breast Cancer \u2013 Is It Safe?), A Randomised Comparison: Trial Stopped","volume":"363","author":"Holmberg L.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2012.07.003","article-title":"Hormone Replacement Therapy After Breast Cancer: 10 Year Follow Up of the Stockholm Randomised Trial","volume":"49","author":"Fahlen M.","year":"2013","journal-title":"European Journal of Cancer"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","article-title":"Oral Oestrogen and Combined Oestrogen\/Progestogen Therapy Versus Placebo for Hot Flushes","volume":"2004","author":"Maclennan A. H.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1097\/gme.0b013e318247f07a","article-title":"Oral Micronized Progesterone for Vasomotor Symptoms \u2013 A Placebo\u2010Controlled Randomized Trial in Healthy Postmenopausal Women","volume":"19","author":"Hitchcock C. L.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Menopause"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9082","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-35826-w","article-title":"Oral Micronized Progesterone for Perimenopausal Night Sweats and Hot Flushes a Phase III Canada\u2010Wide Randomized Placebo\u2010Controlled 4 Month Trial","volume":"13","author":"Prior J. C.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"issue":"13","key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1443","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1980.03310130021021","article-title":"Oral Medroxyprogesterone in the Treatment of Postmenopausal Symptoms","volume":"244","author":"Schiff I.","year":"1980","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.3109\/00016348209156584","article-title":"Effect of Oral Medroxyprogesterone Acetate on Menopausal Symptoms in Patients With Endometrial Carcinoma","volume":"61","author":"Aslaksen K.","year":"1982","journal-title":"Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","first-page":"24","article-title":"No Adverse Effects of Medroxyprogesterone Treatment Without Estrogen in Postmenopausal Women: Double\u2010Blind, Placebo\u2010Controlled, Crossover Trial","volume":"83","author":"Prior J. C.","year":"1994","journal-title":"Obstetrics and Gynecology"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-5122(81)90008-6","article-title":"Effect of Megestrol Acetate on Flushing and Bone Metabolism in Post\u2010Menopausal Women","volume":"3","author":"Erlik Y.","year":"1981","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_10_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199408113310602","article-title":"Megestrol Acetate for the Prevention of Hot Flashes","volume":"331","author":"Loprinzi C. L.","year":"1994","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_2_10_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1650","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2006.10.6179","article-title":"Phase III Randomized Placebo\u2010Controlled Trial of Two Doses of Megestrol Acetate as Treatment for Menopausal Symptoms in Women With Breast Cancer: Southwest Oncology Group Study 9626","volume":"26","author":"Goodwin J. W.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Oncology"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_2_10_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1409","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2005.04.7324","article-title":"Phase III Comparison of Depomedroxyprogesterone Acetate to Venlafaxine for Managing Hot Flashes: North Central Cancer Treatment Group Trial N99C7","volume":"24","author":"Loprinzi C. L.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Oncology"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_45_1","first-page":"13","article-title":"Transdermal Progesterone and Its Effect on Vasomotor Symptoms, Blood Lipid Levels, Bone Metabolic Markers, Moods, and Quality of Life for Postmenopausal Women","volume":"10","author":"Wren B. G.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Menopause"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_10_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1258\/mi.2009.009014","article-title":"A Double\u2010Blind Placebo\u2010Controlled Study to Evaluate the Effect of Progestelle Progesterone Cream on Postmenopausal Women","volume":"15","author":"Benster B.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Menopause International"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_10_47_1","first-page":"165","article-title":"Use of Medroxyprogesterone Acetate to Prevent Menopausal Symptoms","volume":"46","author":"Bullock J. L.","year":"1975","journal-title":"Obstetrics and Gynecology"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_10_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.12.067","article-title":"The Effects of Progestins on Bone Density and Bone Metabolism in Postmenopausal Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"192","author":"Liu J. H.","year":"2005","journal-title":"American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_10_49_1","first-page":"225","article-title":"Transdermal Progesterone Cream for Vasomotor Symptoms and Postmenopausal Bone Loss","volume":"94","author":"Leonetti H. B.","year":"1999","journal-title":"Obstetrics and Gynecology"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(80)90017-4","article-title":"The Use of Medroxyprogesterone Acetate for Relief of Climacteric Symptoms","volume":"138","author":"Morrison J. C.","year":"1980","journal-title":"American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_10_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdf151","article-title":"Intramuscular Depot Medroxyprogesterone Versus Oral Megestrol for the Control of Postmenopausal Hot Flashes in Breast Cancer Patients: A Randomized Study","volume":"13","author":"Bertelli G.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Annals of Oncology"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_10_52_1","first-page":"558","article-title":"Reduction of Vasomotor Symptoms and Bone Mineral Density Loss With Combined Norethindrone and Long\u2010Acting Gonadotropin\u2010Releasing Hormone Agonist Therapy of Symptomatic Endometriosis: A Prospective Randomized Trial","volume":"75","author":"Surrey E. S.","year":"1992","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_10_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1097\/GME.0000000000001945","article-title":"Different Regimens of Menopausal Hormone Therapy for Improving Sleep Quality: A Systematic Review and Meta\u2010Analysis","volume":"29","author":"Pan Z.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Menopause"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_2_10_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2008.05.013","article-title":"Progesterone Reduces Wakefulness in Sleep EEG and Has no Effect on Cognition in Healthy Postmenopausal Women","volume":"33","author":"Schussler P.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_10_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa873","article-title":"Efficacy of Micronized Progesterone for Sleep: A Systematic Review and Meta\u2010Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trial Data","volume":"106","author":"Nolan B. J.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1097\/00042192-200101000-00004","article-title":"Sleep in Menopause: Differential Effects of Two Forms of Hormone Replacement Therapy","volume":"8","author":"Montplaisir J.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Menopause"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_10_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1097\/GME.0000000000000323","article-title":"Hormone Therapy and Mood in Perimenopausal and Postmenopausal Women: A Narrative Review","volume":"22","author":"Toffol E.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Menopause"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2024.108105","article-title":"Systematic Review and Meta\u2010Analysis of the Effects of Progestins on Depression in Post\u2010Menopausal Women: An Evaluation of Randomized Clinical Studies That Used Validated Questionnaires","volume":"189","author":"Londero A. P.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_10_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1044","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2010-2503","article-title":"Increased Estradiol and Improved Sleep, but Not Hot Flashes, Predict Enhanced Mood During the Menopausal Transition","volume":"96","author":"Joffe H.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_10_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2018.01.010","article-title":"The Relationship Between Progestin Hormonal Contraception and Depression: A Systematic Review","volume":"97","author":"Worly B. L.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_10_61_1","article-title":"Progesterone for Premenstrual Syndrome","volume":"2012","author":"Ford O.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_10_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1080\/13697137.2018.1467400","article-title":"Progesterone for the Prevention and Treatment of Osteoporosis in Women","volume":"21","author":"Prior J. C.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Climacteric"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_10_63_1","first-page":"146","article-title":"Estrogen\u2010Progestin Therapy Causes a Greater Increase in Spinal Bone Mineral Density Than Estrogen Therapy \u2010 a Systematic Review and Meta\u2010Analysis of Controlled Trials With Direct Randomization","volume":"17","author":"Prior J. C.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Musculoskeletal & Neuronal Interactions"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_10_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7292(91)90359-D","article-title":"Prevention of Osteoporosis by Medroxyprogesterone Acetate in Postmenopausal Women","volume":"34","author":"McNeeley S. G.","year":"1991","journal-title":"International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_10_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(91)80156-G","article-title":"Effect of Progestin Therapy on Cortical and Trabecular Bone: Comparison With Estrogen","volume":"90","author":"Gallagher J. C.","year":"1991","journal-title":"American Journal of Medicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_10_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0b013e318188d1ec","article-title":"ACOG Committee Opinion No. 415: Depot Medroxyprogesterone Acetate and Bone Effects","volume":"112","author":"American College of, O. and P. Gynecologists Committee on Gynecologic","year":"2008","journal-title":"Obstetrics and Gynecology"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/S0029-7844(97)00620-0","article-title":"Leuprolide Acetate Depot and Hormonal Add\u2010Back in Endometriosis: A 12\u2010Month Study","volume":"91","author":"Hornstein M. D.","year":"1998","journal-title":"Obstetrics and Gynecology"}],"container-title":["BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics &amp; Gynaecology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/1471-0528.70292","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/1471-0528.70292","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/1471-0528.70292","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T13:57:51Z","timestamp":1782395871000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/1471-0528.70292"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]]},"references-count":66,"alternative-id":["10.1111\/1471-0528.70292"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1471-0528.70292","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1470-0328","1471-0528"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1470-0328","type":"print"},{"value":"1471-0528","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-08-31","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-06-16","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-06-25","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"1471-0528.70292"}}