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Separate models were estimated for all patients, for those with lumbar, and for those with shoulder impairments. All models risk\u2010adjusted for intake <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FS<\/jats:styled-content>, age, gender, onset, surgery count, functional comorbidity index, fear\u2010avoidance level, and payer type. Inverse probability weighting adjusted for censoring.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Data Collection Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Functional status was captured using computer adaptive testing at intake and at discharge.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Principal Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>Clinic and therapist effects explained 11.6 percent of variation in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FS<\/jats:styled-content>. Clinics ranked in the lowest quartile had significantly different outcomes than those in the highest quartile (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a0.01). Clinics ranked similarly in lumbar and shoulder impairments (correlation\u00a0=\u00a00.54), but some clinics ranked in the highest quintile for one condition and in the lowest for the other.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Benchmarking models based on validated <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FS<\/jats:styled-content> measures clearly separated high\u2010quality from low\u2010quality clinics, and they could be used to inform value\u2010based\u2010payment policies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/1475-6773.12344","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,6]],"date-time":"2015-08-06T14:55:00Z","timestamp":1438872900000},"page":"768-789","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Benchmarking Outpatient Rehabilitation Clinics Using Functional Status Outcomes"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"Pedro L.","family":"Gozalo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Gerontology and Health Care Research School of Public Health Brown University Providence RI"},{"name":"Department of Health Services, Policy, and Practice School of Public Health Brown University Providence RI"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Linda J.","family":"Resnik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Gerontology and Health Care Research School of Public Health Brown University Providence RI"},{"name":"Department of Health Services, Policy, and Practice School of Public Health Brown University Providence RI"},{"name":"Providence Veterans Administration Medical Center Health Services Research Providence RI"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Silver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Services, Policy, and Practice School of Public Health Brown University Providence RI"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,6]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","first-page":"371","article-title":"The Lower Extremity Functional Scale (LEFS): Scale Development, Measurement Properties, and Clinical Application. 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