{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T05:57:21Z","timestamp":1789883841932,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,21]],"date-time":"2015-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1440115200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007217","name":"Health Services Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IIR 10\u2010136"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IIR 10\u2010136"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007217","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Health Services Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>To demonstrate how falsification tests can be used to evaluate instrumental variables methods applicable to a wide variety of comparative effectiveness research questions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Study Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Brief conceptual review of instrumental variables and falsification testing principles and techniques accompanied by an empirical application. Sample STATA code related to the empirical application is provided in the Appendix.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Empirical Application<\/jats:title><jats:p>Comparative long\u2010term risks of sulfonylureas and thiazolidinediones for management of type 2 diabetes. Outcomes include mortality and hospitalization for an ambulatory care\u2013sensitive condition. Prescribing pattern variations are used as instrumental variables.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Falsification testing is an easily computed and powerful way to evaluate the validity of the key assumption underlying instrumental variables analysis. 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