{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T09:03:45Z","timestamp":1778922225928,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,21]],"date-time":"2016-03-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1458518400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008309","name":"Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008309","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Health Services Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To understand the relationship between state\u2010level spending by public health departments and the incidence of three vaccine preventable diseases (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VPD<\/jats:styled-content>s): mumps, pertussis, and rubella in the United States from 1980 to 2009.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Data Sources<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study uses state\u2010level public health spending data from The Census Bureau and annual mumps, pertussis, and rubella incidence counts from the University of Pittsburgh's project Tycho.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Study Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Ordinary least squares (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OLS<\/jats:styled-content>), fixed effects, and random effects regression models were tested, with results indicating that a fixed effects model would be most appropriate model for this analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Principal Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>Model output suggests a statistically significant, negative relationship between public health spending and mumps and rubella incidence. Lagging outcome variables indicate that public health spending actually has the greatest impact on <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VPD<\/jats:styled-content> incidence in subsequent years, rather than the year in which the spending occurred. Results were robust to models with lagged spending variables, national time trends, and state time trends, as well as models with and without Medicaid and hospital spending.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our analysis indicates that there is evidence of a significant, negative relationship between a state's public health spending and the incidence of two <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VPD<\/jats:styled-content>s, mumps and rubella, in the United States.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/1475-6773.12480","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,21]],"date-time":"2016-03-21T05:43:03Z","timestamp":1458538983000},"page":"176-190","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Impact of State Public Health Spending on Disease Incidence in the United States from 1980 to 2009"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"52","author":[{"given":"Reetu","family":"Verma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of International Health Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Baltimore MD"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samantha","family":"Clark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Vaccine Access Center Department of International Health Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Baltimore MD"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jonathon","family":"Leider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of Public Health Practice and Training Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Baltimore MD"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Bishai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population, Family, and Reproductive Health Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Baltimore MD"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","volume-title":"Profile of State Public Health, Volume Three","author":"ASTHO","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.25.4.911"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/30.6.1260"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3350295"},{"issue":"29","key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","first-page":"621","article-title":"Achievements in Public Health, 1900\u20101999: Control of Infectious Diseases","volume":"48","author":"CDC","year":"1999","journal-title":"MMWR. 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