{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T15:56:50Z","timestamp":1791475010901,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,30]],"date-time":"2017-05-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1496102400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006093","name":"Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006093","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Health Services Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To compare the effectiveness of dynamic anemia management strategies by applying the parametric g\u2010formula to electronic health records.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Data Source\/Study Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>Patients with end\u2010stage renal disease from the<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">US<\/jats:styled-content>Renal Data System who had congestive heart failure or ischemic heart disease and were undergoing hemodialysis in outpatient dialysis facilities between 2006 and 2010.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Study Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>We explicitly emulated a target trial of three \u200eerythropoietin dosing strategies (aimed at achieving a low, middle, or high hematocrit) and estimated the observational analog of the per\u2010protocol effect.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Of 156,945 eligible patients, 41,970 died during the 18\u2010month follow\u2010up. Compared to the low\u2010hematocrit strategy, the estimated risk of death was 4.6 (95%<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>4.4\u20134.9) percentage points higher under the high\u2010hematocrit strategy and 1.8 (95%<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>1.7\u20131.9) percentage points higher under the mid\u2010hematocrit strategy. The corresponding risk differences for a composite outcome of death and myocardial infarction were similar.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>An explicit emulation of a target trial using electronic health records, combined with the parametric g\u2010formula, allowed comparison of real\u2010world dynamic strategies that have not been compared in randomized trials.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/1475-6773.12718","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,31]],"date-time":"2017-05-31T03:26:35Z","timestamp":1496201195000},"page":"1900-1918","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Comparing the Effectiveness of Dynamic Treatment Strategies Using Electronic Health Records: An Application of the Parametric g\u2010Formula to Anemia Management Strategies"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"53","author":[{"given":"Yi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Technology and Practice Patterns Institute Bethesda MD"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica G.","family":"Young","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Medicine Harvard Medical School Boston MA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mae","family":"Thamer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Technology and Practice Patterns Institute Bethesda MD"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miguel A.","family":"Hern\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics Harvard T.H. 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