{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T20:44:30Z","timestamp":1772225070395,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,19]],"date-time":"2021-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629331200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Health Services Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To examine the relationship between optional and must\u2010use prescription drug monitoring programs (PDMPs) and markers of disability.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Data Sources<\/jats:title><jats:p>Nationwide data from the National Health Interview Survey for 2006\u20132015.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Study Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Generalized difference\u2010in\u2010difference models with state\u2010specific time trends were used to assess the relationship between PDMPs and two outcomes: missed days of work and bedridden days.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Data Collection\/Extraction Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>All respondents above the age of 18\u2009years with complete data on key measures were included. A subpopulation of respondents who had a recent surgery or injury was identified.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Principal Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>We found an increase of 3.3 and 5.9 bedridden days associated with optional and must\u2010use PDMPs, respectively, for respondents reporting a recent injury or surgery (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2010values &lt;0.05; unadjusted population average 12.2 bedridden days). Increases in days of missed work were not statistically significant.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Implementation of PDMPs was associated with negative unintended consequences in the injury\/surgery subpopulation. The association between bedridden days and PDMPs suggests a gap between clinical trials showing equivalence of opioids and nonopioids for pain treatment and real\u2010world results. As increasingly tighter opioid restrictions proliferate, evidence\u2010based strategies to address pain without opioids in the acute pain population likely need to be more widely disseminated.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/1475-6773.13705","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,19]],"date-time":"2021-08-19T08:26:52Z","timestamp":1629361612000},"page":"1215-1221","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Association of prescription drug monitoring program laws with bedridden and missed work days"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"56","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7533-3729","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martha","family":"Wetzel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Policy and Management Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University  Atlanta Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Courtney R.","family":"Yarbrough","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Policy and Management Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University  Atlanta Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Silke A","family":"von Esenwein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Public Partnerships and Research  Lawrence Kansas USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jason M.","family":"Hockenberry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Policy and Management, Yale School of Public Health Yale University  New Haven Connecticut USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","first-page":"1487","article-title":"Vital signs: overdoses of prescription opioid pain relievers\u2014United States, 1999\u20132008","volume":"60","author":"CDC","year":"2011","journal-title":"Morb Mortal Weekly Rep"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","article-title":"Painkiller abuse, a cyclical challenge","volume":"22","author":"Frakt A","year":"2014","journal-title":"The New York Times"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","volume-title":"Deaths: Final Data for 2015. 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