{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,13]],"date-time":"2025-09-13T16:38:12Z","timestamp":1757781492023,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,17]],"date-time":"2022-01-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642377600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000867","name":"Robert Wood Johnson Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["69688"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["69688"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000867","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Health Services Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To compare the estimated associations between annual sexually transmitted diseases (STD) expenditures per capita and STD incidence rates among Florida and Washington local health departments (LHDs) from 2001 to 2017, using two approaches\u2014a longitudinal regression model with lagged STD spending and a regression model with the Arellano\u2013Bond panel estimator.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Data sources<\/jats:title><jats:p>Secondary data for LHDs were obtained from Florida and Washington state government offices and combined with county sociodemographic and health system data from the federal government.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Study design<\/jats:title><jats:p>We examined LHDs in Florida and Washington using a longitudinal panel study design to estimate ecological relationships between annual STD expenditures per capita and annual STD incidence rates from 2001 to 2017, with LHDs as the unit of analysis. We compared two regression models: generalized estimating equations (GEE) and the Arellano\u2013Bond panel estimator (an instrumental variable approach).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Data collection<\/jats:title><jats:p>The secondary data were combined to build a longitudinal panel database for LHDs in Florida and Washington from 2001 to 2017.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Principal findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>In the GEE model with both states, greater STD spending in a prior year was associated unexpectedly with greater STD incidence rates in succeeding years. The Arellano\u2013Bond models for both states had the expected inverse associations but were not significant. In the Arellano\u2013Bond models for Florida, a $1 increase in STD spending in previous years was followed by decreases in STD incidence rates ranging between 29 and 58 points in succeeding years (0.09\u2009\u2265\u2009<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009\u2265\u20090.04).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>In longitudinal panel data for LHDs in two states, the Arellano\u2013Bond estimator, or other instrumental variable approach, is preferred over conventional regression models to obtain unbiased estimates of the relationship between annual STD spending rates and annual STD rates. Future studies will require accurate, standardized, and detailed longitudinal data and rigorous analytic approaches, such as those illustrated in our study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/1475-6773.13915","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,22]],"date-time":"2021-11-22T07:10:27Z","timestamp":1637565027000},"page":"644-653","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Analytic approaches to assess the impact of local spending on sexually transmitted diseases"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"57","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4209-0019","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Grembowski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Systems and Population Health University of Washington, Hans Rosling Center Seattle Washington USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sungwon","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child, Family and Population Health Nursing School of Nursing, University of Washington Seattle Washington USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Athena","family":"Pantazis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Betty","family":"Bekemeier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Systems and Population Health University of Washington, Hans Rosling Center Seattle Washington USA"},{"name":"Department of Child, Family and Population Health Nursing School of Nursing, University of Washington Seattle Washington USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,17]]},"reference":[{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2018.09.012"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","DOI":"10.1111\/1475-6773.12480"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2008.09.049"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","DOI":"10.1097\/01.olq.0000194575.79728.72"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","DOI":"10.1177\/0193841X04270613"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0362-3319(02)00234-3"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6253a1"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2011.300497"},{"unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).Sexually transmitted diseases \u2013 reported cases and rates of reported cases United States 1941\u20132019.2021.https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/std\/statistics\/2019\/tables\/1.htm. 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