{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T11:18:58Z","timestamp":1788607138048,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,25]],"date-time":"2022-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1650844800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009633","name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P2C HD041023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P2C HD041023"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Health Services Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The objective of this study is to determine the linkage between multidimensional structural racism typologies and preterm birth (PTB), low birthweight (LBW), and small\u2010for\u2010gestational\u2010age (SGA) birth among infants of White, US\u2010born Black, and foreign\u2010born Black pregnant people in Minnesota.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Data Sources<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The measures of structural racism were based on the 2017 American Community Survey 5\u2010year estimates and the 2017 jail incarceration data from the Vera Institute of Justice. Birth outcomes of infants born in 2018 were based on birth records from the Minnesota Department of Health.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a latent class analysis to identify multidimensional structural racism typologies in 2017 and related these typologies to birth outcomes of pregnant people who gave birth in Minnesota in 2018 using Vermunt's 3\u2010step approach. Racial group\u2010specific age\u2010adjusted risks of PTB, LBW, and SGA by structural racism typologies were estimated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Data Collection<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Study data were from public sources.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Principal Findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our analysis identified three multidimensional structural racism typologies in Minnesota in 2017. These typologies can have high structural racism in some dimensions but low in others. The interactive patterns among various dimensions cannot simply be classified as \u201chigh\u201d (i.e., high structural racism in all dimensions), \u201cmedium,\u201d or \u201clow.\u201d The risks of PTB, LBW, and SGA for US\u2010born Black pregnant Minnesotans were always higher than for their White counterparts regardless of the typologies in which they lived during pregnancy. Furthermore, these excess risks among US\u2010born Black pregnant people did not vary significantly across the typologies. We did not find clear patterns when comparing the predicted risks for infants of US\u2010 and foreign\u2010born Black pregnant people.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Multidimensional structural racism increases the risks of adverse birth outcomes for US\u2010born Black Minnesotans. Policy interventions to dismantle structural racism and eliminate birth inequities must be multi\u2010sectoral as changes in one or a few dimensions, but not all, will unlikely reduce birth inequities.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/1475-6773.13976","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,25]],"date-time":"2022-04-25T12:00:06Z","timestamp":1650888006000},"page":"448-457","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"title":["Multidimensional structural racism predicts birth outcomes for Black and White Minnesotans"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"57","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9951-4391","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tongtan","family":"Chantarat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Health Policy and Management University of Minnesota School of Public Health  Minneapolis Minnesota USA"},{"name":"Center for Antiracism Research for Health Equity University of Minnesota School of Public Health  Minneapolis Minnesota USA"},{"name":"Minnesota Population Center Institute for Social Research and Data Innovation  Minneapolis Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2110-2925","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David C.","family":"Van Riper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Minnesota Population Center Institute for Social Research and Data Innovation  Minneapolis Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3913-5933","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rachel R.","family":"Hardeman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Health Policy and Management University of Minnesota School of Public Health  Minneapolis Minnesota USA"},{"name":"Center for Antiracism Research for Health Equity University of Minnesota School of Public Health  Minneapolis Minnesota USA"},{"name":"Minnesota Population Center Institute for Social Research and Data Innovation  Minneapolis Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,25]]},"reference":[{"issue":"13","key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Births: final data for 2018","volume":"68","author":"Martin JA","year":"2019","journal-title":"Natl Vital Stat Rep"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","unstructured":"Office of the Vital Records MD of H. 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