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Outcomes include four ED visit measures and four hospitalization measures. We compared the use of these services by BEH to NBEH overall and by race, ethnicity, and gender groups in regression models controlling for covariates.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Data Collection<\/jats:title><jats:p>We used a sample of Medicaid beneficiaries who met eligibility criteria for a California Medicaid demonstration program in 2017 and 2018 but were not enrolled in the program. We identified 473,069 BEH, and the rest (1,948,422) were considered NBEH. We used the 2018 data for utilization analyses and most covariates. We constructed lagged measures of health conditions using 2017 data.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Principal Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>We found that homelessness was significantly associated with 0.34 more ED visits (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.01) and a higher likelihood of frequent ED visits (2.77 percentage points [pp], <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.01), any ED visits due to mental health conditions (0.79\u2009pp, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.01), and any ED visits due to substance use disorders (1.47\u2009pp, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.01). Experiencing homelessness was also significantly associated with 0.03 more hospitalizations (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.01), a higher likelihood of frequent hospitalizations (0.68\u2009pp, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.01) and high frequent hospitalizations (0.28\u2009pp, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.01), and a longer length of stay (0.53\u2009days, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.01). We found a larger association for American Indian and Alaska Native, Black, Native Hawaii or Pacific Islander, and White populations than that for Asian and Hispanic populations. The associations are larger for males than females.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our findings identified distinct utilization patterns by race, ethnicity, and gender. They indicated the need for developing race, ethnicity, and gender\u2010specific strategies to reduce ED visits and hospitalizations of BEH.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/1475-6773.14009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,20]],"date-time":"2022-05-20T08:38:24Z","timestamp":1653035904000},"page":"249-262","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Differential associations of homelessness with emergency department visits and hospitalizations by race, ethnicity, and gender"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"57","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1525-6776","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dahai","family":"Yue","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Policy and Management University of Maryland School of Public Health  College Park Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5118-1188","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nadereh","family":"Pourat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Policy and Management UCLA Fielding School of Public Health  Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elsie A.","family":"Essien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Policy and Management University of Maryland School of Public Health  College Park Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Economics and Evaluation Research Program UCLA Center for Health Policy Research  Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weihao","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Economics and Evaluation Research Program UCLA Center for Health Policy Research  Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brenna","family":"O'Masta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Economics and Evaluation Research Program UCLA Center for Health Policy Research  Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","unstructured":"The U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development.The 2020 Annual Homeless Assessment Report to Congress. 2021. 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