{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,25]],"date-time":"2026-01-25T04:08:03Z","timestamp":1769314083547,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"S1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,21]],"date-time":"2023-12-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1703116800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000027","name":"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P50\u2010AA027055"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P50\u2010AA027055"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000027","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000867","name":"Robert Wood Johnson Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["S4A\u201078117"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S4A\u201078117"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000867","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Health Services Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Test hypotheses that proximity to new transit improves substance use disorder treatment provider cost efficiency (i.e., economies of scale and scope).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Data Sources and Study Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>Connecticut substance uses disorder treatment providers\/programs. A 2015 rapid transit line opening with 10 stations, near some providers\/programs. Providers' annual operating costs from publicly available federal tax forms (2013\u20132018). Annual client counts, service\u2010type (including substance use disorder and\/or mental health, among others), and location data, for 50 providers and their programs, from Department of Mental Health and Addiction Services, with an unbalanced panel of 285 provider\u2010years.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Study Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Economies of scale occur when the percent change in operating costs is less than the percentage change in clients. Economies of scope occur when operating costs fall as providers treat clients with multiple service needs. With our quasi\u2010experimental, multivariate regressions approach, we test hypotheses that proximity to a new transit line enhances economies of scale and scope (i.e., lowers unit operating costs).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Data Collection\/Extraction Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Annual provider\u2010level operating costs merged with new transit station locations and Department of Mental Health and Addiction Services program\/provider\u2010level secondary data (locations, client counts\/completions\/dates, service types, and average demographics).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Principal Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>For providers with programs within 1\u2010mile of new transit (compared with a \u201ccontrol\u201d sample beyond 1\u2010mile of new transit), (i) a 10% increase in clients leads to a 0.12% lower operating costs per client; (ii) a 10% increase in clients completing treatment results in a 1.5% decrease in operating costs per client; (iii) a 10% increase in clients receiving treatment for multiple services causes a 0.81% lower operating costs per client; (iv) offering multiple services leads to 6.3% lower operating costs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>New transit proximity causes operating cost savings for substance use disorder\/mental health treatment providers. System alignment may benefit transit and health care sectors.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/1475-6773.14268","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,22]],"date-time":"2023-12-22T00:04:45Z","timestamp":1703203485000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Transit and treatment: Aligning systems to address substance use in Connecticut"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"59","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5467-7584","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeffrey P.","family":"Cohen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Business University of Connecticut  Storrs Connecticut USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Steven","family":"Huleatt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Capitol Region Council of Governments  Hartford Connecticut USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9805-4909","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shane","family":"Murphy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Business University of Connecticut  Storrs Connecticut USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carla J.","family":"Rash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine UConn Health  Farmington Connecticut USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","volume-title":"Principles of Drug Addiction Treatment: A Research\u2010Based Guide","author":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","unstructured":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA).Key Substance Use and Mental Health Indicators in the United States: Results from the 2020 National Survey on 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