{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T12:54:31Z","timestamp":1782824071753,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,4,9]],"date-time":"2003-04-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1049846400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":8,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Risk Analysis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Health care professionals are a major source of risk communications, but their estimation of risks may be compromised by systematic biases. We examined fuzzy\u2010trace theory's predictions of professionals' biases in risk estimation for sexually transmitted infections (STIs) linked to: <jats:italic>knowledge deficits<\/jats:italic> (producing underestimation of STI risk, re\u2010infection, and gender differences), <jats:italic>gist\u2010based mental representation of risk categories<\/jats:italic> (producing overestimation of condom effectiveness for psychologically atypical but prevalent infections), <jats:italic>retrieval failure for risk knowledge<\/jats:italic> (producing greater risk underestimation when STIs are not specified), and <jats:italic>processing interference involving combining risk estimates<\/jats:italic> (producing biases in post\u2010test estimation of infection, regardless of knowledge). One\u2010hundred\u2010seventy\u2010four subjects (experts attending a national workshop, physicians, other health care professionals, and students) estimated the risk of teenagers contracting STIs, re\u2010infection rates for males and females, and condom effectiveness in reducing infection risk. Retrieval was manipulated by asking estimation questions in two formats, a specific format that \u201cunpacked\u201d the STI category (infection types) and a global format that did not provide specific cues. Requesting estimates of infection risk after relevant knowledge was directly provided, isolating processing effects, assessed processing biases. As predicted, all groups of professionals underestimated the risk of STI transmission, re\u2010infection, and gender differences, and overestimated the effectiveness of condoms, relative to published estimates. However, when questions provided better retrieval supports (specified format), estimation bias decreased. All groups of professionals also suffered from predicted processing biases. Although knowledge deficits contribute to estimation biases, the research showed that biases are also linked to fuzzy representations, retrieval failures, and processing errors. Hence, interventions that are designed to improve risk perception among professionals must incorporate more than knowledge dissemination. They should also provide support for information representation, effective retrieval, and accurate processing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1539-6924.00332","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,12,28]],"date-time":"2004-12-28T19:03:57Z","timestamp":1104260637000},"page":"325-342","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":94,"title":["Fuzzy\u2010Trace Theory, Risk Communication, and Product Labeling in Sexually Transmitted Diseases"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Valerie F.","family":"Reyna","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary B.","family":"Adam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,4,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","first-page":"589","volume-title":"Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report","author":"Anonymous","year":"1993"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Austin H. 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