{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T03:57:04Z","timestamp":1778558224508,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,4,20]],"date-time":"2004-04-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1082419200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":416,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Canadian J of Economics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Abstract<\/jats:bold> Should international trade agreements be extended to include negotiations over environmental policy? The answer depends on whether countries distort levels of environmental regulations as a secondary means of providing protection to domestic industries; our results suggest that they do. Previous studies of this relationship have treated the level of environmental regulation as exogenous, and found a negligible correlation between environmental regulation and trade flows. In contrast, we find that, when the level of environmental regulation is modelled as an endogenous variable, its estimated effect on trade flows is significantly higher than previously reported. JEL Classification: F1, F14, F18<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Est\u2010ce que la politique environnementale est une barri\u00e8re commerciale secondaire? Une analyse empirique<\/jats:bold> Est\u2010ce que les accords commerciaux internationaux doivent \u00eatre \u00e9tendus pour couvrir la politique environnementale? La r\u00e9ponse d\u00e9pend du degr\u00e9 de distorsion que les pays introduisent dans leur politique environnementale pour prot\u00e9ger leurs industries nationales. Nos r\u00e9sultats sugg\u00e8rent que cet impact est important. Des \u00e9tudes ant\u00e9rieures de cette relation ont trait\u00e9 la politique environnementale comme exog\u00e8ne, et ont montr\u00e9 qu\u2019il existe une co\u2010relation n\u00e9gligeable entre politique environnementale et flux commerciaux. Au contraire, nous r\u00e9v\u00e9lons que, quand la politique environnementale est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme variable endog\u00e8ne, son effet sur les flux commerciaux est plus \u00e9lev\u00e9 de mani\u00e8re significative que ce qu\u2019on a not\u00e9 ant\u00e9rieurement.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1540-5982.00007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,12,21]],"date-time":"2004-12-21T13:03:54Z","timestamp":1103634234000},"page":"137-154","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":236,"title":["Is environmental policy a secondary trade barrier? 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