{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T16:11:02Z","timestamp":1791994262184,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":117,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,4]],"date-time":"2019-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1549238400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006280","name":"Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AGL2017\u201084586\u2010R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AGL2017\u201084586\u2010R"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006280","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["430832\/2016\u20108"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["430832\/2016\u20108"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["474300\/2011\u20100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["474300\/2011\u20100"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ift.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Comp Rev Food Sci Food Safe"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Ten years ago, the occurrence of macroscopic defects in breasts muscles from fast\u2010growing broilers challenged producers and animal scientists to label and characterize myopathies wholly unknown. The distinctive white striations in breasts affected by white striping disorder, the presence of out\u2010bulging and pale areas of hardened consistency in the so\u2010called wooden breast, and the separation of the fiber bundles in breasts labelled as spaghetti meat, made these myopathies easily identified in chicken carcasses. Yet, the high incidence of these myopathies and the increasing concern by producers and retailers led to an unprecedented flood of questions on the causes and consequences of these abnormal chicken breasts. This review comprehensively collects the most relevant information from studies aimed to understand the pathological mechanisms of these myopathies, their physicochemical and histological characterization and their impact on meat quality and consumer's preferences. Today, it is known that the occurrence is linked to fast\u2010growth rates of the birds and their large breast muscles. The muscle hypertrophy along with an unbalanced growth of supportive connective tissue leads to a compromised blood supply and hypoxia. The occurrence of oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction leads to lipidosis, fibrosis, and overall myodegeneration. Along with the altered appearance, breast muscles affected by the myopathies display poor technological properties, impaired texture properties, and reduced nutritional value. As consumer's awareness on the occurrence of these abnormalities and the concerns on animal welfare arise, efforts are made to inhibit the onset of the myopathies or alleviate the severity of the symptoms. The lack of fully effective dietary strategies leads scientists to propose whether \u201cslow\u201d production systems may alternatively provide with poultry meat free of these myopathies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1541-4337.12431","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,4]],"date-time":"2019-02-04T05:38:54Z","timestamp":1549258734000},"page":"565-583","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":336,"title":["Wooden\u2010Breast, White Striping, and Spaghetti Meat: Causes, Consequences and Consumer Perception of Emerging Broiler Meat Abnormalities"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"M.","family":"Petracci","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dept. of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum Univ. of Bologna  Piazza Goidanich 60 47521 Cesena Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F.","family":"Soglia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dept. of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum Univ. of Bologna  Piazza Goidanich 60 47521 Cesena Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Madruga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate program in Food Science and Technology. Dept. of Food Engineering Federal Univ. of Paraiba  Jo\u00e3o Pessoa Para\u00edba Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate program in Food Science and Technology. Dept. of Food Engineering Federal Univ. of Paraiba  Jo\u00e3o Pessoa Para\u00edba Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elza","family":"Ida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dept. of Food Technology Londrina State Univ.  Londrina Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8509-2789","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M.","family":"Est\u00e9vez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Meat and Meat Products Research Inst., TECAL Research Group Univ. of Extremadura  Avda. Universidad s\/n 10003 C\u00e1ceres Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0153750"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pex428"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12863-016-0369-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","volume-title":"Ross 308 broiler performance objectives. In\u2010house publication, global","author":"Aviagen","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","volume-title":"Ross 308 broiler performance objectives. In\u2010house publication, globa","author":"Aviagen","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","volume-title":"Ross 308 broiler performance objectives. In\u2010house publication, global","author":"Aviagen","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pev304"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731117001069"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2018.11.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pey166"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pey266"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pew115"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pey144"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pew165"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pex118"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pew327"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2016.07.182"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfoodeng.2018.02.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pex284"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pey001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pew204"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ijfs.13640"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pew243"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pew243"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pex202"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pey096"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pey097"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1750-3841.12410"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pew310"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ijfs.13759"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pev205"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17221\/54\/2016-CJAS"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pex068"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/57.5.779S"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meatsci.2011.04.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pev094"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2016.1165182"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3382\/japr.2013-00847"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03079457.2017.1356908"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2628(08)60141-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/82.10.1500"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/86.2.232"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0309-1740(00)00071-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hubert S. M. Williams T. J. &Athrey G.(2018).Insights into the molecular basis of wooden breast based on comparative analysis of fast\u2010and slow\u2010growth broilers.bioRxiv 356683.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/356683","DOI":"10.1101\/356683"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(15)00444-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0193307"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2012-02397"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2012-02259"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2011-01947"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2012-02506"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2012-02647"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2012-02646"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pew216"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pex072"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_56_1","article-title":"White striping and wooden breast myopathies of broiler breast muscle is affected by time\u2010limited feeding, genetic background, and egg storage","author":"Livingston M. L.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Poultry Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pey463"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2016.01.047"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3382\/japr.2014-00968"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meatsci.2007.03.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pey301"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0043933907001717"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5713\/ajas.18.0355"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pey145"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_10_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1786","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pex453","article-title":"Effects of quantitative nutrient allocation on myopathies of the Pectoralis major muscles in broiler chickens at 32, 43, and 50 days of age","volume":"97","author":"Meloche K. J.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Poultry Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pey171"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_10_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1794","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pex454","article-title":"Effects of reduced dietary energy and amino acid density on Pectoralis major myopathies in broiler chickens at 36 and 49 days of age1","volume":"97","author":"Meloche K. J.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Poultry Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pey287"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2014-03911"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S175173111400295X"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-015-1623-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-018-4598-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03079457.2017.1339346"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0207346"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/japr\/5.2.126"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meatsci.2011.04.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2012-03001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4081\/ijas.2014.3138"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0043933915000367"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-100763-1.00003-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pew270"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pev172"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_83_1","article-title":"The effects of an alternative diet regimen with natural methionine ingredients on white striping breast myopathy in broiler chickens","author":"Sachs N. J.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Poultry Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meatsci.2017.04.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985813497488"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985816658099"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcpa.2018.04.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pew064"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pev353"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2016.04.042"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pex115"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731117003469"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03079457.2018.1508821"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pex398"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1541-4337.12127"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meatsci.2006.09.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pey107"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-19231-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pew215"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2017.07.032"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_101_1","unstructured":"The Independent(2017).Why you should stop eating chicken breast with white stripes. Retrieved fromhttps:\/\/www.independent.co.uk\/life-style\/health-and-families\/chicken-breasts-white-stripes-avoid-poultry-factory-farms-fat-a7569656.html(last access 21\/09\/2018)."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_102_1","unstructured":"The Sun(2017).This is what the white stripes in your chicken really are\u2026 and why you need to look out for them. Retrieved fromhttps:\/\/www.thesun.co.uk\/fabulous\/food\/5241182\/white-stripes-chicken\/(last access 21\/09\/2018)."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pew129"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_104_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s17051024"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_105_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pev296"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jf302111j"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_107_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0043933916000015"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_108_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1637\/11738-080217-Reg.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_109_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pew315","article-title":"Effect of white striping myopathy on breast muscle (Pectoralis major) protein turnover and gene expression in broilers","volume":"96","author":"Vignale K.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Poultry science"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_110_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0173384"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_111_1","article-title":"Near\u2010infrared spectroscopy detects woody breast syndrome in chicken fillets by the markers protein content and degree of water binding","author":"Wold J. P.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Poultry Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_112_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pex116"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_113_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ijfs.13485"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_114_1","article-title":"Toward a fusion of optical coherence tomography and hyperspectral imaging for poultry meat quality assessment","author":"Yoon S.\u2010C.","year":"2017","journal-title":"IS and T International Symposium on Electronic Imaging Science and Technology"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_115_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pew268"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_116_1","first-page":"79","article-title":"Effect of different arginine to lysine ratios in broiler chicken diets on the occurrence of breast myopathies","volume":"9","author":"Zampiga M.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Poultry Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_117_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1637\/9860-072111-Case.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_118_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pey284"}],"container-title":["Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2F1541-4337.12431","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/ift.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/1541-4337.12431","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T06:51:27Z","timestamp":1761893487000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ift.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/1541-4337.12431"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,4]]},"references-count":117,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/1541-4337.12431"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1541-4337.12431","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1541-4337","1541-4337"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1541-4337","type":"print"},{"value":"1541-4337","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2018-09-24","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-01-14","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-02-04","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}