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This reduction is largely attributed to improved yields of staple crops, such as wheat, rice, and maize; however, these improvements did little for micronutrient deficiencies that affect an estimated two billion people worldwide. Starchy staple crops are energy dense but are often lacking in one or more B vitamins, making resource\u2010constrained people who consume monotonous diets comprised predominantly of these staples at risk for developing deficiency. B vitamin deficiencies occur due to a poor overall nondiversified diet and rarely occur alone. Many B vitamins are essential cofactors involved in the metabolism of other nutrients, including other B vitamins, whereby the deficiency of one B vitamin affects the metabolism and status measurements of another. Food fortification efforts have nearly eradicated diseases of extreme B vitamin deficiency, such as beriberi from thiamin deficiency and pellagra from niacin deficiency. However, subclinical deficiency, sometimes referred to as hidden hunger, is still common especially in low\u2010income countries. Most dietary B vitamins, due to their water\u2010soluble nature, are not a concern for excessive intakes, but synthetic forms used for fortification and supplements sometimes can have adverse effects when consumed in high amounts. Biofortified crops offer a long\u2010term sustainable method to increase the amount of dietary B vitamins for people who rely on staple crops for most of their caloric intake. Efforts have been made to improve B vitamin content of crops, especially for thiamin, vitamin B\n                    <jats:sub>6<\/jats:sub>\n                    , and folate, but none have undergone human feeding trials; therefore, more research is needed to provide sustainable and scalable solutions in many parts of the world.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1541-4337.12491","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,11]],"date-time":"2019-09-11T09:09:50Z","timestamp":1568192990000},"page":"1968-1984","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":71,"title":["Global Concerns with B Vitamin Statuses: Biofortification, Fortification, Hidden Hunger, Interactions, and Toxicity"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8162-4768","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tyler J.","family":"Titcomb","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dept. of Nutritional Sciences Univ. of Wisconsin\u2010Madison  Madison WI 53706 U.S.A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7022-1760","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sherry A.","family":"Tanumihardjo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dept. of Nutritional Sciences Univ. of Wisconsin\u2010Madison  Madison WI 53706 U.S.A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.113.183970"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_3_1","first-page":"818","article-title":"Membrane damaging potential of photosensitized riboflavin","volume":"29","author":"Ali N.","year":"1991","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Experimental Biology"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/an.111.001172"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/nxy201"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/50.5.1050"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1178646917691938"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(84)80115-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plantsci.2018.04.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0902072106"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.114.206599"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003581"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(82)90291-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_14_1","first-page":"317","volume-title":"Modern nutrition in health and disease","author":"B\u00e9meur C.","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/bst0130441"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/15648265100311S103"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.2011.00378.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9070655"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/15648265080292S117"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.13274"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/ert224"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.3358"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyq028"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gfs.2017.01.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jf60092a009"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.70.10.5769-5777.2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-012-4440-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c2fo10246c"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_29_1","first-page":"369","volume-title":"Modern nutrition in health and disease","author":"Carmel R.","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10050639"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/ar1821"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/136.1.243S"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clay K. 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