{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:29:28Z","timestamp":1792790968059,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":220,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,27]],"date-time":"2021-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611705600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ift.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Comp Rev Food Sci Food Safe"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Animal milk types in sub\u2010Saharan Africa (SSA) are processed into varieties of products using different traditional methods and are widely consumed by households to support nutritional intake and diet. Dairy products contain several microorganisms, their metabolites, and other chemical compounds, some with health benefits and many others considered as potential health hazards. Consumption of contaminated milk products could have serious health implications for consumers. To access the safety of milk products across SSA, studies in the region investigating the occurrences of pathogens as well as chemical compounds such as heat stable toxins and veterinary drug residues in animal milk and its products were reviewed. This is done with a holistic view in light of the emerging exposome paradigm for improving food safety and consumer health in the region. Herein, we showed that several published studies in SSA applied conventional and\/or less sensitive methods in detecting microbial species and chemical contaminants. This has serious implications in food safety because the correct identity of a microbial species and accurate screening for chemical contaminants is crucial for predicting the potential human health effects that undermine the benefits from consumption of these foods. Furthermore, we highlighted gaps in determining the extent of viral and parasitic contamination of milk products across SSA as well as investigating multiple classes of chemical contaminants. Consequently, robust studies should be conducted in this regard. Also, efforts such as development cooperation projects should be initiated by all stakeholders including scientists, regulatory agencies, and policy makers to improve the dairy product chain in SSA in view of safeguarding consumer health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1541-4337.12712","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,27]],"date-time":"2021-01-27T22:52:06Z","timestamp":1611787926000},"page":"1188-1220","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["A review of microbes and chemical contaminants in dairy products in sub\u2010Saharan Africa"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Muiz O.","family":"Akinyemi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology Babcock University  Ogun State Ilishan Remo Nigeria"},{"name":"Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management North\u2010West University  Potchefstroom South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kolawole I.","family":"Ayeni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology Babcock University  Ogun State Ilishan Remo Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6749-7547","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Omotade R.","family":"Ogunremi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences First Technical University  Ibadan Oyo State Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8974-422X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rasheed A.","family":"Adeleke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management North\u2010West University  Potchefstroom South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5772-7601","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Folarin A.","family":"Oguntoyinbo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"A.R. Smith Department of Chemistry and Fermentation Sciences Appalachian State University  Boone North Carolina 28608 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6104-0706","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benedikt","family":"Warth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology University of Vienna  W\u00e4hringer\u00a0Stra\u00dfe\u00a038 Vienna 1090 Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2113-2948","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chibundu N.","family":"Ezekiel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology Babcock University  Ogun State Ilishan Remo Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,27]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","first-page":"17","article-title":"Hygienic practices, microbial quality and safety of raw cow's milk and traditional fermented milk (Irgo) in selected areas of Ethiopian Central Highlands","volume":"2","author":"Abebe B.","year":"2018","journal-title":"East African Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-016-2088-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4314\/evj.v21i2.7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2010.02666.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","first-page":"115","article-title":"Probiotic potentials of yeasts isolated from nunu (African probiotic potentials of yeasts isolated from nunu (African fermented milk) and wara (African soft cheese)","volume":"36","author":"Adegboye B. D.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Advances in Food Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2019.106963"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","first-page":"60","article-title":"Detection of \u03b2\u2010Lactam antibiotics (penicillin and amoxicillin) residues in goat milk","volume":"3","author":"Adetunji V.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature and Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/BFJ-05-2016-0218"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","first-page":"1243","article-title":"Comparative studies on the qualities of seven brands of vanilla\u2010flavoured stirred yoghurts produced within the Kumasi Metropolis of Ghana","volume":"21","author":"Adubofuor J.","year":"2014","journal-title":"International Food Research Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3923\/crds.2016.6.11"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2014.594-600"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","first-page":"2397","article-title":"Evaluation of hygienic and mycological quality of local cheese marketed in Benin","volume":"3","author":"A\u00efssi V. M.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","first-page":"178","article-title":"Microbiological characteristics of Ghanaian traditional fermented milk product, nunu","volume":"8","author":"Akabanda F.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature and Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2012.09.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12550-018-0337-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2009.02.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.29"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1874070701711010094"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.13146"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","first-page":"7","article-title":"Comparative aspects of goat and cow milk","volume":"2","author":"Arora R.","year":"2013","journal-title":"International Journal of Engineering Science Invention"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5829\/idosi.ijmr.2012.3.3.64213"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","first-page":"104","article-title":"The aerobic microflora and lactic acid bacteria of market Ayib","volume":"14","author":"Ashenafi M.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Agricultural Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4236\/ojas.2018.81005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18697\/ajfand.83.17620"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","first-page":"396","article-title":"Insulation test of Listeria in raw milk in Benin","volume":"2","author":"Bankole H. S.","year":"2013","journal-title":"International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","unstructured":"Bassa A. Y.(2016).Contamination of raw milk and atti\u00e9k\u00e9 sold on informal markets in Abidjan (Cote D'Ivoire) by the Bacillus cereus group and risk analysis. Retrieved fromhttps:\/\/cgspace.cgiar.org\/bitstream\/handle\/10568\/75995\/Bassa_thesis.pdf\/sequence=1%26isAllowed=y"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11274-019-2672-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1750-3841.13204"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2012.12.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5897\/JABSD2013.0206"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","first-page":"73","article-title":"Traditional fermented dairy products of Ethiopia: A review","volume":"11","author":"Berhe T.","year":"2017","journal-title":"East African Journal of Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3923\/ijar.2018.1.11"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4172\/2157-7579.1000285"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4314\/ajfand.v9i7.47682"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4102\/ojvr.v85i1.1482"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2015.1084993"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2009.0442"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2010.12.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2015.01418"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2014.00334"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","first-page":"283","article-title":"Prevalence of tick\u2010borne encephalitis virus [TBEV] in samples of raw milk taken randomly from cows, goats and sheep in Eastern Poland","volume":"17","author":"Cisak E.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_1","unstructured":"Cisse H. Zongo C. Traore Y. &Savadogo A.(2018).Prevalence of pathogenis in camel cows and goats fermented milk consumed in Burkina faso.26th International ICFMH Conference Biodiversity of Foodborne Microbes. Retrieved fromhttps:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/327895827_Poster_FM2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2014.01.045"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2014.04.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1541-4337.12011"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2012.1311"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5897\/AJMR12.151"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2010.01470.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11599\/germs.2012.1020"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-50190-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/7581531"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4314\/gmj.v41i2.55302"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2014.12.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12550-011-0112-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12223-008-0059-1"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_2_8_57_1","first-page":"300","article-title":"The characteristics of a food system\u202f: The case of Lebol, a local butter produced in Ngaound\u00e9r\u00e9 3 rd Cameroon","volume":"3","author":"Edima H. C.","year":"2014","journal-title":"International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5897\/ajfs2015.1373"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-012-0246-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1541-4337.12329"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19440049.2012.688878"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3923\/jm.2012.337.343"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4172\/2476-2059.1000124"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02652030701823142"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-374407-4.00104-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_66_1","unstructured":"Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations Corporate Statistical Database (FAOSTAT). (2019).Total milk production. Retrieved fromhttps:\/\/www.fao.org\/faostat\/en\/search\/milk_africa"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1541-4337.12074"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_8_68_1","first-page":"2387","article-title":"Traditional fermented foods in Lesotho","volume":"2","author":"Gadaga T. H.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Food Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2016.1184-1189"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2015.06.060"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14252\/foodsafetyfscj.2015026"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007258"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15739\/ibspr.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/1031726"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5897\/AJAR2013.6897"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/20786204.2014.10855349"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4102\/ojvr.v82i1.993"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-2-8178-0847-5_12"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_8_79_1","first-page":"19","article-title":"Prevalence of Listeria spp. among dairy, meat and their products marketed in Tripoli, Libya","volume":"5","author":"Hesham T. N.","year":"2017","journal-title":"International Journal of Life Sciences Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15744\/2348-9790.4.201"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_81_1","first-page":"78\u2013100","article-title":"New penicillin\u2010producing Penicillium species and an overview of section Chrysogena","author":"Houbraken J.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Persoonia"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.28668"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_83_1","first-page":"397","volume-title":"IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks of Chemicals to Humans Some Naturally Occurring Substances: Food Items and Constituents, Heterocyclic Aromatic Amines and Mycotoxins","author":"International Agency for Research on Cancer [IARC]","year":"1993"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_84_1","volume-title":"IARC handbooks of cancer prevention","author":"International Agency for Research on Cancer","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_85_1","volume-title":"Mycotoxin control in low\u2010 and middle\u2010income countries","author":"International Agency for Research on Cancer","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2015.08.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2017.03.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.syapm.2006.01.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X.JFP-13-230"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-009-9488-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/fqsafe\/fyx018"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_8_92_1","first-page":"383","article-title":"Kivuguto traditional fermented milk and the dairy industry in Rwanda. A review","volume":"17","author":"Karenzi E.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biotechnology, Agronomy, Society and Environment"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_93_1","article-title":"Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of Staphylococcus aureus from cow's milk, nasal and environmental swabs in selected dairy farms in Morogoro, Tanzania","volume":"30","author":"Kashoma I.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Tanzanian Veterinary Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_94_1","first-page":", 4020\u20134027","article-title":"\u00c9valuation de la qualit\u00e9 chimique et microbiologique des laits caill\u00e9s artisanaux produits et consomm\u00e9s dans la ville de Yamoussoukro, C\u00f4te d'Ivoire","volume":"55","author":"Katinana R. C.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Biosciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2006.07.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_96_1","volume-title":"Mycotoxigenic fungi and mycotoxin contamination of traditionally fermented milk (mursik) in Soliat location Kericho county","author":"Keith K. T.","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_97_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Microbiological characterization of Algerian traditional cheese \u201cKlila","volume":"6","author":"Kheira B.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Purity, Utility Reaction and Environment"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18697\/ajfand.75.ILRI02"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_99_1","volume-title":"Boiled milk, food safety and the risk of exposure to milk borne pathogens in informal dairy markets in Tanzania","author":"Kilango K.","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copbio.2015.09.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18697\/ajfand.75.ILRI05"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph13070737"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/156482651203300402"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_104_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-environ-052809-161223"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_105_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-69.10.2487"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_106_1","unstructured":"Kutaa G.(2017). Microbial content and anti\u2010microbial activity of Namibian traditionally fermented milk. Thesis (MScFoodSc) Stellenbosch University South Africa."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_107_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2014.00770"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_108_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11306-014-0769-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_109_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2013.1638"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_110_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2018.00060"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_111_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12550-018-0323-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_112_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10408390802544405"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_113_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5897\/AJMR2013.5635"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_114_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.24843"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_115_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119115007.ch2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_116_1","article-title":"Prevalence of Salmonella spp. and Escherichia coli in raw milk value chain in Arusha, Tanzania","volume":"2","author":"Lubote R.","year":"2014","journal-title":"American Journal of Research Communication"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_117_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/NT.0000000000000108"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_118_1","unstructured":"Lusia H.(2014).Antimicrobial activity profiles of traditional fermented milk starter cultures from north\u2010eastern Namibia. Thesis submitted for Degree of Master of Science (Agriculture)."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_119_1","unstructured":"Maazou A. H.(2013).Analyse\u2010diagnostic de la chaine de valeurs\u2013Lait de vache et produits laitiers dans la region de Zinder. SNV (Organisation N\u00e9erlandaise de D\u00e9veloppement Au Niger) Report."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_120_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/AN11112"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_121_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copbio.2017.09.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_122_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2019.1970-1974"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_123_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4314\/sokjvs.v16i4.6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_124_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sciaf.2019.e00159"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_8_125_1","first-page":"127","article-title":"Fungal and aflatoxin contamination of some human food commodities in Nigeria","volume":"4","author":"Makun H. A.","year":"2010","journal-title":"African Journal of Food Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_126_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4172\/2161-1009.1000"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_127_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3923\/ajft.2011.87.102"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_128_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1828051X.2017.1401910"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_129_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1389202915666140616233211"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_8_130_1","first-page":"157","article-title":"Antibacterial activity of some lactic acid bacteria isolated from a local fermented milk product (Pendidam) in Ngaoundere, Cameroon","volume":"23","author":"Mbawala A.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_8_131_1","first-page":"987","article-title":"Antimicrobial residues in foods of animal origin in Africa: Public health risks","volume":"33","author":"Mensah S. E. P.","year":"2014","journal-title":"OIE Revue Scientifique et Technique"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_8_132_1","first-page":"215","article-title":"Survey on dairy cattle milk production and milk quality problems in Peri\u2010urban areas in Burkina Faso","volume":"3","author":"Millogo V.","year":"2008","journal-title":"African Journal of Agricultural Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_133_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2017.1357003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_134_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3923\/jm.2011.678.692"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_135_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.9734\/ejnfs\/2019\/v10i230106"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_136_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19393210.2015.1137361"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_137_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4314\/jasem.v20i1.12"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_138_1","article-title":"White gold\u2019 in Zim | Celebrating being Zimbabwean","author":"Monda T.","year":"2018","journal-title":"The Patriot"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_8_139_1","first-page":"39","article-title":"Detection of Escherichia coli O157 and non\u2010O157 serogroups in cattle faeces, dairy products and water samples in northeast Nigeria","volume":"19","author":"Moses A.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Laboratory Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_140_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/9096149"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_141_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2018-14733"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_142_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4314\/ajfand.v11i2.65916"},{"issue":"32","key":"e_1_2_8_143_1","first-page":"82","article-title":"Processing steps and lactic acid bacteria involved in traditional cultured milk (Kwerionik) production in Uganda","volume":"7","author":"Nakavuma J.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Africa Journal of Animal and Biomedical Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_144_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5897\/AJFS2016.1516"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_145_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2010.01.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_146_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-015-0810-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_147_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2016.04.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_148_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2016-11403"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_149_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.9790\/2380-08336065"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_150_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18697\/ajfand.74.15105"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_151_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2016.10.034"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_152_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14419\/ijbas.v2i2.639"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_2_8_153_1","first-page":"273","article-title":"A preliminary survey of aflatoxin M1 in dairy cattle products in Bida, Niger State, Nigeria","volume":"3","author":"Okeke K. S.","year":"2012","journal-title":"African Journal of Food Science and Technology"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_154_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.9734\/BMRJ\/2014\/11112"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_155_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4314\/tjpr.v7i4.14703"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_156_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4314\/bajopas.v9i2.39"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_157_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2016.948-954"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_158_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.9734\/bmrj\/2015\/13469"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_159_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4314\/sokjvs.v16i1.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_160_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11604\/pamj.supp.2017.28.1.9279"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_161_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2015.11.041"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_162_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2017.11.038"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_163_1","first-page":"178","article-title":"Microbiological characteristics of Ghanaian traditional fermented milk product, Nunu","volume":"8","author":"Owusu\u2010kwarteng F.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature and Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_164_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/beverages4020040"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_165_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s0031182019001525"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_166_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2018.04.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_167_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12554"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_168_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2011.08.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_169_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1574-6976.12030"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_170_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.36062\/ijah.58.2SPL.2019.145-152"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_8_171_1","first-page":"25","article-title":"Bovine mastitis caused by Bacillus spp. in Khartoum state, Sudan","volume":"2","author":"Reem R. M. S.","year":"2011","journal-title":"University of Khartoum Journal of Veterinary Medicine & Animal Production"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_172_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954422416000275"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_173_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2018.03.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_174_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.05013-11"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_175_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2019006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_176_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5455\/javar.2019.f350"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_177_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-73.9.1709"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_178_1","unstructured":"Schutte L. M.(2013).Isolation and identification of the microbial consortium present in fermented milks from Sub\u2010Saharan Africa.Thesis (MSc Food Sc) Stellenbosch University. Retrieved fromhttp:\/\/scholar.sun.ac.za\/handle\/10019.1\/80020"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_179_1","first-page":"464","volume-title":"Fermented Milk and Dairy Products","author":"Schwan R. F.","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_180_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18697\/ajfand.75.ILRI04"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_181_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5897\/AJAR2013.6908"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_8_182_1","first-page":"76","article-title":"Investigation on aflatoxin M1 content of traditional cheese wagashi produced in Benin","volume":"4","author":"Sessou P.","year":"2013","journal-title":"African Journal of Food Science and Technology"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_183_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.00594"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_184_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15406\/jdvar.2015.02.00052"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_185_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.6211"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_186_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20431\/2349-0403.0504005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_187_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2009-2319"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_188_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5923\/j.food.20160603.01"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_189_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph9062045"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_190_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jef.2015.08.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_191_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/87559129.2014.994818"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_192_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/b978-0-12-816679-6.00012-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_193_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0958-6946(98)00106-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_194_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Detection and levels of aflatoxin M \u2081 in raw milk of dairy cows from selected small scale and commercial farms in Harare, Zimbabwe","volume":"34","author":"Stewart R. J.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Zimbabwe Veterinary Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_195_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5897\/AJB10.1829"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_196_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-020-02489-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_197_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2221-1691(11)60030-0"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_8_198_1","first-page":"119","article-title":"Microbiological quality of raw cow milk across the milk supply chain in Eastern Ethiopia","volume":"10","author":"Tadele A.","year":"2016","journal-title":"East African Journal of Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_199_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5897\/AJMR2015.7949"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_200_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14741\/ijmcr\/v.5.1.18"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_201_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0307.12315"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_202_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph7010178"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_203_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2003.12.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_204_1","unstructured":"Tossou L. M.(2018).Nutritional quality and safety processed Wagashi cheese using Calotropis procera found in Benin and Kenya.http:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/123456789\/4695"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_205_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5897\/AJMR2014.6632"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_206_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5897\/AJMR2017.8485"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_207_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.787"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_208_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2007.140500"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_209_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aay3164"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_210_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idairyj.2014.05.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_211_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.7b02759"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_212_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4314\/apra.v5i2.49823"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_213_1","first-page":"132","article-title":"Hygienic practices and microbiological quality of raw milk produced under different farm size in Hawassa, southern Ethiopia","volume":"4","author":"Welearegay H.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Wudpecker Journal of Agricultural Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_214_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/challe10010002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_215_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-05-0456"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_216_1","first-page":"393","article-title":"Detection of penicillin residue in cow milk at Kombolcha dairy farms, northeastern Ethiopia","volume":"65","author":"Worku Y.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bulletin of Animal Health and Production in Africa"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_217_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.syapm.2017.11.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_218_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/8938597"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_219_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4172\/2157-7110.1000431"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_2_8_220_1","first-page":"630","article-title":"Traditional dairy products in the republic of Benin: Wagashi and d\u00e8gu\u00e8","volume":"6","author":"Zannou O.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Global Scientific Journals"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_8_221_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"An overview of the heavy metal contamination in milk and dairy products","volume":"2","author":"Ziarati P.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Scientific Pharmaceutical Sciences"}],"container-title":["Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/1541-4337.12712","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/1541-4337.12712","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/ift.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/1541-4337.12712","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T23:48:14Z","timestamp":1761868094000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ift.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/1541-4337.12712"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,27]]},"references-count":220,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/1541-4337.12712"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1541-4337.12712","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1541-4337","1541-4337"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1541-4337","type":"print"},{"value":"1541-4337","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-04-05","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-12-16","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-01-27","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}