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Traditionally, extensive thermal processing has been employed to efficiently kill spores; however, the relatively high thermal load adversely affects food quality attributes. In recent years, the germination\u2010inactivation strategy has been developed to mildly kill spores based on the circumstance that germination can decrease spore\u2010resilient properties. However, the failure to induce all spores to geminate, mainly owing to the heterogeneous germination behavior of spores, hampers the success of applying this strategy in the food industry. Undoubtedly, elucidating the detailed germination pathway and underlying mechanism can fill the gap in our understanding of germination heterogeneity, thereby facilitating the development of full\u2010scale germination regimes to mildly kill spores. In this review, we comprehensively discuss the mechanisms of spore germination of\n                      <jats:italic>Bacillus<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Clostridium<\/jats:italic>\n                      species, and update the molecular basis of the early germination events, for example, the activation of germination receptors, ion release, Ca\u2010DPA release, and molecular events, combined with the latest research evidence. Moreover, high hydrostatic pressure (HHP), an advanced non\u2010thermal food processing technology, can also trigger spore germination, providing a basis for the application of a germination\u2010inactivation strategy in HHP processing. Here, we also summarize the diverse germination behaviors and mechanisms of spores of\n                      <jats:italic>Bacillus<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Clostridium<\/jats:italic>\n                      species under HHP, with the aim of facilitating HHP as a mild processing technology with possible applications in food sterilization.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:label\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:bold>Practical Application<\/jats:bold>\n                      : This work provides fundamental basis for developing efficient killing strategies of bacterial spores in food industry.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  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