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The bacterial second messenger bis\u2010(3\u2032\u20135\u2032)\u2010cyclic dimeric guanosine monophosphate (c\u2010di\u2010GMP) orchestrates this process by regulating biofilm assembly. Intracellular c\u2010di\u2010GMP levels, modulated by diguanylate cyclases (DGCs) and phosphodiesterases (PDEs), dictate bacterial behavior: higher concentrations suppress motility, promote adhesion, and trigger extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) secretion, reinforcing biofilm integrity. This protective matrix enhances SSO resistance to refrigeration, antimicrobial agents, and environmental stressors. Within biofilms, SSOs display heightened metabolic activity, producing proteases and lipases that degrade proteins and lipids, yielding spoilage metabolites such as trimethylamine, hydrogen sulfide, and organic acids\u2014compounds responsible for off\u2010odors, texture deterioration, and quality loss. Interventions targeting c\u2010di\u2010GMP signaling, such as DGC\/PDE inhibitors, quorum\u2010sensing disruption, and combined physical\u2010chemical treatments, may effectively suppress biofilm formation and prolong shelf life. Further studies should elucidate c\u2010di\u2010GMP's interactions with other regulatory networks and its influence on multispecies biofilm dynamics in aquatic products. This review examines biofilm formation and its role in aquatic product spoilage, along with c\u2010di\u2010GMP's regulatory function in spoilage\u2010associated biofilms and its broader spoilage implications, offering a theoretical foundation for further research on c\u2010di\u2010GMP\u2010mediated interactions in multispecies biofilm systems.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1541-4337.70469","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T03:57:43Z","timestamp":1777607863000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["c\u2010di\u2010GMP\u2010Mediated Biofilm Regulation in Specific Spoilage Organisms: Mechanisms and Control Strategies in Aquatic Products"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Junyi","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food Science and Technology Shanghai Ocean University  Shanghai 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