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Microbial risk in frozen foods is, therefore, determined not only by survival during storage at \u221218\u00b0C but by post\u2010thaw repair and growth during thawing and handling. This review synthesizes freeze\u2010induced injury mechanisms, including membrane damage, osmotic stress, oxidative injury, and macromolecular disruption, and links them to physiological state transitions, lag phase behavior, and recovery potential. Rather than treating sublethal injury, viable but non\u2010culturable (VBNC) physiology, spoilage, detection methods, and freezing\u2013thawing processes separately, we integrate them into a recovery\u2010centered framework for frozen food systems. Particular attention is given to food\u2010matrix effects, including water redistribution, nutrient release, fat and protein composition, surface moisture, and oxygen availability, which influence microbial repair and regrowth. We further evaluate detection bias in culture\u2010based methods, viability ambiguity in molecular approaches, and limitations of predictive microbiology models under freeze\u2013thaw and high\u2010solids conditions. We argue that frozen food safety and quality should be evaluated on the basis of post\u2010thaw recovery potential rather than storage survival alone. Practical recommendations are provided for injury\u2010aware detection, standardized freeze\u2013thaw reporting, validation of analytical workflows, and control strategies across frozen food systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1541-4337.70603","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T03:50:07Z","timestamp":1787025007000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Microbial Survival, Sublethal Injury, and Recovery in Frozen Food Systems: Implications for Safety, Quality Deterioration, and Cold\u2010Chain Control"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9480-9059","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anqi","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Science Center for Future Foods Jiangnan University  Wuxi China"},{"name":"School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of 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