{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T11:04:03Z","timestamp":1790247843633,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788134400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788134400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ift.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Comp Rev Food Sci Food Safe"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Ethylene oxide (EO) has re\u2010emerged as a major food safety concern, with findings in spices, sesame, dried vegetables, food additives, and composite foods revealing persistent gaps between toxicological hazard, analytical detectability, and regulatory interpretation. In current food control practice, 2\u2010chloroethanol (2\u2010CE) is often the dominant analyte because parent EO is highly volatile and reactive; however, the scientific basis for treating 2\u2010CE as a surrogate for EO remains contested. This review examines EO\u2010related residues through three integrated lenses: the chemistry and toxicological significance of EO and its reaction products, the analytical determination and interpretation of residues across food matrices, and the international regulatory divergence that hinders harmonization. Evidence indicates that EO itself is a compound of clear toxicological concern, whereas 2\u2010CE is better understood as a policy\u2010relevant marker of EO\u2010related chemistry whose meaning depends on matrix context, processing history, and regulatory purpose. Processed and composite foods intensify this challenge by weakening the link between analytical findings and source attribution. Overall, EO is not simply a residue monitoring issue but an interpretive problem created by the misalignment of hazard assessment, marker\u2010based analytics, and regulatory decision\u2010making. Progress will require clearer toxicological positioning of 2\u2010CE, matrix\u2010specific analytical reporting, structured source attribution frameworks, and closer alignment between national control systems and international standard\u2010setting efforts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1541-4337.70635","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T02:55:40Z","timestamp":1788231340000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Ethylene Oxide and 2\u2010Chloroethanol in Foods: Hazards, Detection Markers, and Regulatory Perspectives"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Hyeonseo","family":"Choi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Safety Policy Bureau Ministry of Food and Drug Safety  Osong Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Food and Medical Products Regulatory Policy Dongguk University  Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yujin","family":"Ahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Biotechnology Dongguk University  Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8473-2978","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yooheon","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Biotechnology Dongguk University  Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e36347"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.5c13149"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19440049.2022.2143909"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","volume-title":"2\u2010Chloroethanol: Re\u2010Assessment of Its Mutagenic Potential and Derivation of Provisional Acute and Chronic Oral Reference Values (ARfD, ADI)","author":"BfR","year":"2026"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19440049.2013.872808"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","unstructured":"Code of Federal Regulations.2024. \u201cEthylene Oxide; Tolerances for Residues (40 C.F.R. \u00a7 180.151).\u201dLegal Information Institute.https:\/\/www.law.cornell.edu\/cfr\/text\/40\/180.151."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_1","unstructured":"Codex Alimentarius Commission.2024a. \u201cDiscussion Paper on Ethylene Oxide (EtO) and 2\u2010Chloroethanol (2\u2010CE). CX\/CF 24\/17\/19.\u201dFAO\/WHO Codex Alimentarius.https:\/\/workspace.fao.org\/sites\/codex\/Meetings\/CX\u2010735\u201017\/Working%20documents\/cf17_19.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_1","unstructured":"Codex Alimentarius Commission.2024b. \u201cReport of the 17th Session of the Codex Committee on Contaminants in Foods (REP24\/CF17\/Rev.).\u201dFAO\/WHO Codex Alimentarius.https:\/\/workspace.fao.org\/sites\/codex\/Meetings\/CX\u2010735\u201017\/Report\/FINAL%20REPORT\/REP24_CF17e.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02652030512331385218"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_11_1","unstructured":"EU Reference Laboratory for Pesticides Requiring Single Residue Methods (EURL\u2010SRM).2020. \u201cAnalysis of Ethylene Oxide and Its Metabolite 2\u2010Chloroethanol by the QuOil or the QuEChERS Method and GC\u2010MS\/MS (EURL\u2010SRM Analytical Observations Report Version 1.1).\u201dhttps:\/\/www.eurl\u2010pesticides.eu\/library\/docs\/srm\/EurlSrm_Observation_EO_V1.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_12_1","unstructured":"European Chemicals Agency (ECHA). n.d. \u201cEthylene Oxide (CAS No. 75\u201021\u20108): Brief Profile.\u201dhttps:\/\/echa.europa.eu\/brief\u2010profile\/\u2010\/briefprofile\/100.000.773."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_13_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Regulation (EC) No 178\/2002 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 28 January 2002 Laying Down the General Principles and Requirements of Food Law, Establishing the European Food Safety Authority and Laying Down Procedures in Matters of Food Safety","volume":"31","author":"European Commission","year":"2002","journal-title":"Official Journal of the European Union"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_14_1","unstructured":"European Commission.2021. \u201cSummary of the Meeting on Ethylene Oxide (ETO).\u201dEuropean Commission Directorate\u2010General for Health and Food Safety.https:\/\/food.ec.europa.eu\/system\/files\/2021\u201012\/rasff_ethylene\u2010oxide\u2010incident_e410_crisis\u2010coord_20211004_sum.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_15_1","unstructured":"European Commission.2022a. \u201cAlert and Cooperation Network: Annual Report 2021.\u201dhttps:\/\/food.ec.europa.eu\/system\/files\/2022\u201007\/acn_annual\u2010report_2021\u2010final.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_16_1","first-page":"12","article-title":"Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2022\/741 of 13 May 2022 Concerning a Coordinated Multiannual Control Programme of the Union for 2023, 2024 and 2025","volume":"137","author":"European Commission","year":"2022","journal-title":"Official Journal of the European Union"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_17_1","unstructured":"European Commission.2023a. \u201cAlert and Cooperation Network: Annual Report 2022.\u201dhttps:\/\/food.ec.europa.eu\/system\/files\/2023\u201010\/acn_annual\u2010report_2022.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_18_1","first-page":"28","article-title":"Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2023\/731 of 3 April 2023 Concerning a Coordinated Multiannual Control Programme of the Union for 2024, 2025 and 2026 and Repealing Implementing Regulation (EU) 2022\/741","volume":"95","author":"European Commission","year":"2023","journal-title":"Official Journal of the European Union"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_19_1","unstructured":"European Commission. n.d. \u201cRegulation of Pesticide Residues in the EU: Questions and Answers.\u201dhttps:\/\/food.ec.europa.eu\/plants\/pesticides\/maximum\u2010residue\u2010levels\/qas\u2010pesticides_en."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2022.7147"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5740\/jaoacint.18\u20100342"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_22_1","unstructured":"Food Safety and Standards Authority 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