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Recent stimulated Raman scattering microscopy has reported approximately 2.4 \u00d7 10\n                    <jats:sup>5<\/jats:sup>\n                    MPs and NPs per liter in selected bottled\u2010water samples. While these estimates remain contested and should not be generalized across products, they highlight the extent to which conventional analytical methods may underestimate nanoscale exposure. Current risk frameworks remain anchored to particle\u2010count and mass\u2010based metrics that do not capture reactive surface area, food\u2013matrix interactions, or chemical cargo. This review examines dietary MP\/NP toxicology through three underexplored dimensions: food matrix\u2013particle interactions that transform particle surfaces before intestinal contact; potential engagement of endogenous intestinal transport pathways; and diet\u2010dependent modulation of epithelial permeability. It integrates evidence across molecular, cellular, organ\u2010level, and microbiome\u2010mediated pathways, with emphasis on immune\u2010metabolic dysregulation, endocrine disruption, hepatic toxicity, and neurodevelopmental risk. Key uncertainties include NP absorption kinetics in lipid\u2010rich matrices, particle\u2010facilitated chemical transfer, progressive corona remodeling during digestion, and the lack of standardized methods for detecting NPs in complex foods. In vitro and rodent studies support mechanistic links between NP exposure and NLRP3\u2010associated inflammation, hepatic steatosis, endocrine disruption, and gut dysbiosis, but most use concentrations exceeding estimated human tissue levels. We propose a surface\u2010area\u2010normalized hazard quotient for surface\u2010mediated endpoints as a complement to mass\u2010based metrics, while recognizing that additive\u2010leaching toxicity may require a separate mass\u2010based framework.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1541-4337.70639","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T06:41:13Z","timestamp":1789195273000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Microplastics and Nanoplastics in Food: Dietary Toxicology Beyond Particle Counts"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-7649-1705","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Feiyu","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine The Chinese University of Hong Kong  Shenzhen China"},{"name":"The First School of Clinical Medicine Southern Medical University  Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yujian","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine The Chinese University of Hong Kong  Shenzhen China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaokai","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine The Chinese University of Hong Kong  Shenzhen China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiaying","family":"Lyu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine The Chinese University of Hong Kong  Shenzhen China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yisheng","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine The Chinese University of Hong Kong  Shenzhen China"},{"name":"Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Aggregate Science, School of Science and Engineering The Chinese University of Hong Kong  Shenzhen China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2025.140255"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D4EN01182A"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2024.110692"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1178434"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2025.140658"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3126\/nje.v14i1.59934"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2023.104298"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2019.01.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev\u2010pharmtox\u2010031122\u2010121944"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_2_14_11_1","article-title":"Literature Review on Micro\u2010and Nanoplastic Release From Food Contact Materials During Their Use","volume":"22","author":"Authority E. 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