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Revealing light propagation mechanisms in multilayered fruit and vegetable tissues improves detection model accuracy and robustness. In fact, most natural and processed fruit and vegetable materials inherently exhibit layered structures, leading to inevitable deviations in optical signals interpretation and quality prediction. The complex structure and heterogeneous composition of fruit and vegetable matrices pose great challenges to light\u2013tissue interaction analysis. This review summarizes the layer\u2010specific differences in optical properties based on structural and compositional heterogeneity of fruit and vegetable matrices, using representative cases of other food matrices for comparison. It further addresses light propagation in multilayered fruit and vegetable tissues together with research on the optimization of detection parameters. Finally, a unified framework is proposed that integrates physicochemical properties, optical properties, and photon transport simulations to achieve mechanism\u2010guided optimization for nondestructive detection. Notably, the advances of Monte Carlo (MC) simulation empowered by artificial intelligence (AI) are highlighted in denoising, accelerating computation, and improving prediction accuracy. AI\u2010assisted MC simulation provides support for the efficient and high\u2010precision prediction of light propagation in multilayer tissues, and lays a solid foundation for the progress of food photonics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1541-4337.70667","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T03:20:58Z","timestamp":1790738458000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["From Structural Heterogeneity to Photon Transport Simulation: A Comprehensive Review of Optical Nondestructive Evaluation in Multilayered Fruit and Vegetable Matrices"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Mengyao","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food Science and Technology Nanjing Agricultural University  Nanjing Jiangsu China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7997-3080","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Weijie","family":"Lan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food Science and Technology Nanjing Agricultural University  Nanjing Jiangsu China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4314-2896","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kang","family":"Tu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food Science and Technology Nanjing Agricultural University  Nanjing Jiangsu China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanmin","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering The University of Hong Kong  Pokfulam Hong Kong China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Chongqing Clinical Laboratory Center Chongqing Academy of Medical Sciences, Chongqing General Hospital, Chongqing University  Chongqing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5587-3544","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leiqing","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food Science and Technology Nanjing Agricultural University  Nanjing Jiangsu China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1541\u20104337.70403"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.21.032450"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.1.000658"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1541\u20104337.70278"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/photonics3010002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2009.06.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/9783527618156","volume-title":"Absorption and Scattering of Light by Small Particles","author":"Bohren C. 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