{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T09:50:06Z","timestamp":1791971406386,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791936000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791936000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32302146"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32302146"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ift.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Comp Rev Food Sci Food Safe"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Nonuniformity is the most critical yet unresolved bottleneck limiting the industrial adoption of multi\u2010physical field drying (microwave, radio frequency, infrared, and ultrasound) for fruits and vegetables. While individual physical field technologies and AI applications have been reviewed separately, a conceptual framework that explains how nonuniformity originates, amplifies, and can be intelligently controlled is currently lacking. This review provides a problem\u2010driven analysis of nonuniformity in physical field drying, proposing a three\u2010stage cascade framework (Initiation \u2192 Amplification \u2192 Termination) to elucidate the multi\u2010scale coupling between microscopic energy defects and macroscopic quality failure. We further critically evaluate the transition from black\u2010box artificial intelligence (AI) modeling to advanced closed\u2010loop intelligent control strategies involving physics\u2010informed neural networks (PINNs) and digital twins, structured along a perception\u2013prediction\u2013control paradigm. The cascade framework reveals that initial minor heterogeneities are self\u2010reinforced through positive feedback loops, necessitating early\u2010warning prediction. AI\u2010driven adaptive control, coupled with synergistic cross\u2010field designs, may provide opportunities to interrupt this amplification process at early stages. We provide a strategic roadmap emphasizing multimodal sensing and physics\u2010based hybrid modeling to achieve precision, uniformity, and sustainability in next\u2010generation industrial drying systems. This review offers a distinctive problem\u2011oriented perspective that complements prior technology\u2011centric surveys by placing nonuniformity as the central narrative and offering a conceptual framework for its prediction and control.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1541-4337.70673","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T09:05:24Z","timestamp":1791968724000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Nonuniformity in Multi\u2011Physical Field Drying of Fruits and Vegetables: Mechanisms, Cascade Amplification, and Artificial Intelligence\u2013Driven Control"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1511-8960","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yabin","family":"Feng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Biological and Environmental Sciences Zhejiang Wanli University  Ningbo China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food Science and Engineering Yangzhou University  Yangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kui","family":"Suo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Food and Biological Engineering Jiangsu University  Zhenjiang China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3933-2558","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jixian","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food Science and Engineering Yangzhou University  Yangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenfeng","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Biological and Environmental Sciences Zhejiang Wanli University  Ningbo China"},{"name":"Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Intelligent Food Logistic and Processing Yuyao Innovation Institute Zhejiang Wanli University  Ningbo China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8660-7860","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chaoting","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food Science and Engineering Yangzhou University  Yangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fsufs.2025.1538375","article-title":"Digital Twin Applications in the Food Industry: A Review","volume":"9","author":"Abdurrahman E. 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