{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T10:29:54Z","timestamp":1762079394730},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,17]],"date-time":"2013-05-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1368748800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Forensic Sciences"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Butalbital (Fiorinal<jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>), used in the treatment of migraines and muscle pain, is the most commonly encountered barbiturate in impaired driving cases. It has central nervous system (CNS) depressant properties, including sedation, drowsiness, and feelings of intoxication, which can contribute to driving impairment. Twenty\u2010six driving under the influence cases are reviewed including results from field sobriety tests and toxicology testing. Blood samples were screened using enzyme multiplied immunoassay technique immunoassay, and the presence of butalbital was confirmed and quantified using gas chromatography\/mass spectrometry, gas chromatography with flame ionization detection, or gas chromatography nitrogen\/phosphorus detection. Butalbital concentrations ranged from 1.0 to 30.2\u00a0mg\/L, with a mean and median of 16.0\u00a0mg\/L. General impairment indicators in these cases included horizontal and vertical nystagmus, lack of convergence, poor motor coordination, and balance and speech problems, which are common to <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CNS<\/jats:styled-content> depressant intoxication, similar to that associated with alcohol. These findings indicate the importance of toxicological testing for butalbital in cases where <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CNS<\/jats:styled-content> depressants are indicated.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.12143","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,17]],"date-time":"2013-05-17T20:20:10Z","timestamp":1368822010000},"page":"941-945","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Butalbital and Driving Impairment"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Jillian K.","family":"Yeakel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Center for Forensic Science Research and Education The Fredric Rieders Family Renaissance Foundation 2300 Stratford Ave Willow Grove PA 19090"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Barry K.","family":"Logan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Center for Forensic Science Research and Education The Fredric Rieders Family Renaissance Foundation 2300 Stratford Ave Willow Grove PA 19090"},{"name":"NMS Labs 3701 Welsh Rd Willow Grove PA 19090"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the annual meeting of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences; 2007 Feb 19\u201324","author":"Marinetti LJ","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences; 1991 Feb 18\u201323; Anaheim, CA","author":"Peel HW","year":"1991"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_1","volume-title":"Clarke's analysis of drugs and poisons","author":"Moffat AC","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/12.6.322"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_1","volume-title":"Physicians' desk reference","author":"PDR Staff","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1526-4610.2001.01189.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2007.00516.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2008.00965.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_10_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Southwestern Association of Toxicologists; 1988 Nov 11\u201312; Shreveport, LA","author":"Flores J","year":"1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2007.02.002"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_5_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1520\/JFS14738J","article-title":"Carisoprodol, meprobamate, and driving impairment","volume":"45","author":"Logan BK","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_5_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1520\/JFS14919J","article-title":"Zolpidem and driving impairment","volume":"46","author":"Logan BK","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-4575(76)90030-0"}],"container-title":["Journal of Forensic Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2F1556-4029.12143","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/1556-4029.12143","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,2]],"date-time":"2023-10-02T21:22:49Z","timestamp":1696281769000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/1556-4029.12143"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,17]]},"references-count":13,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/1556-4029.12143"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1556-4029.12143","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-1198","1556-4029"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-1198","type":"print"},{"value":"1556-4029","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,17]]}}}