{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T20:57:26Z","timestamp":1788814646507,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":11,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,15]],"date-time":"2014-02-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1392422400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Forensic Sciences"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Drowning is a diagnosis of exclusion based on circumstantial and autopsy correlation. Sugimura proposed a threshold value of 14.1 for the Drowning Index (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DI<\/jats:styled-content>), the ratio of lung and pleural fluid to spleen weight, as a surrogate marker to diagnose drowning. We questioned the use of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DI<\/jats:styled-content> in diagnosing drowning. We compared <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DI<\/jats:styled-content> between three groups\u2014drowning, mechanical asphyxia, and myocardial infarct\u2014seen at Broward <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MEO<\/jats:styled-content> from 2008 to 2009. Only 9.4% of 53 drownings exceeded the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DI<\/jats:styled-content> threshold of 14.1, while 30% of 10 mechanical asphyxias and 40% of 10 myocardial infarcts had <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DI<\/jats:styled-content> &gt;14.1. Sensitivity for the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DI<\/jats:styled-content> test was &lt;10% and specificity 60\u201370%. Median <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DI<\/jats:styled-content> values for all groups were &lt;10. Mann\u2013Whitney U\u2010test was not statistically significant between groups. The <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DI<\/jats:styled-content> is neither sensitive nor specific and lacks any utility in the diagnosis of drowning.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.12356","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,17]],"date-time":"2014-02-17T10:55:17Z","timestamp":1392634517000},"page":"399-403","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["The Drowning Index: Implementation in Drowning, Mechanical Asphyxia, and Acute Myocardial Infarct Cases"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"59","author":[{"given":"Khalil S.","family":"Wardak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Broward County Medical Examiner and Trauma Services 5301 S.W. 31st Avenue Fort Lauderdale FL 33312 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert M.","family":"Buchsbaum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Broward County Medical Examiner and Trauma Services 5301 S.W. 31st Avenue Fort Lauderdale FL 33312 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frozan","family":"Walyzada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Broward County Medical Examiner and Trauma Services 5301 S.W. 31st Avenue Fort Lauderdale FL 33312 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.legalmed.2009.11.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.legalmed.2005.08.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1520\/JFS14580J"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","unstructured":"MooreS.Drowning. 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