{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T07:53:36Z","timestamp":1773302016257,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,16]],"date-time":"2014-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1405468800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Forensic Sciences"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Drugs contributing to overdose deaths are listed on death certificates, but their validity is rarely studied. To assess the accuracy of \u201cmorphine\u201d and \u201ccodeine\u201d listings on death certificates for unintentional overdose deaths in Allegheny County, PA, investigative and laboratory reports were reviewed. Deaths were reclassified as heroin\u2010related if documentation showed 6\u2010monoacetylmorphine in blood or urine, \u201cstamp bags\u201d or drug paraphernalia at scene, history of heroin use, or track marks. Deaths were considered morphine\u2010related if notes indicated morphine use, prescription, or morphine at scene, or codeine\u2010related if the codeine blood level exceeded morphine. Of 112 deaths with morphine but not heroin listed on the death certificate, 74 met heroin criteria and 21 morphine criteria. Of 20 deaths with both morphine and heroin listed, only one met morphine criteria. Of 34 deaths with codeine listed, only five were attributed to codeine. Consideration of patient history, death scene evidence, and expanded toxicology testing may improve the accuracy of death certificate drug listings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.12541","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,16]],"date-time":"2014-07-16T14:03:36Z","timestamp":1405519416000},"page":"1583-1585","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Underrepresentation of Heroin Involvement in Unintentional Drug Overdose Deaths in Allegheny County, <scp>PA<\/scp>"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"59","author":[{"given":"Kristen J.","family":"Mertz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Graduate School of Public Health University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh PA 15261"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jennifer K.","family":"Janssen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Allegheny County Office of the Medical Examiner 1520 Penn Avenue Pittsburgh PA 15222"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karl E.","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Allegheny County Office of the Medical Examiner 1520 Penn Avenue Pittsburgh PA 15222"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.1276"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Increase in fatal poisonings involving opioid analgesics in the United States, 1999\u20132006","volume":"22","author":"Warner M","year":"2009","journal-title":"NCHS Data Brief"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_1","first-page":"1487","article-title":"Vital signs: overdoses of prescription opioid pain relievers \u2013 United States, 1999\u20132008","volume":"60","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)","year":"2011","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1980","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/47.11.1980","article-title":"Concentration ratios of morphine to codeine in blood of impaired drivers as evidence of heroin use and not medication with codeine","volume":"47","author":"Ceder G","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00608214"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1552-4604.1990.tb03641.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_1","first-page":"160","article-title":"Ratios of total morphine to total codeine in urine of subjects consuming medicinal preparations containing morphine or codeine and in drug abusers","volume":"8","author":"Tee TT","year":"1979","journal-title":"Ann Acad Med Singapore"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.legalmed.2011.02.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_10_1","first-page":"10","article-title":"CDC grand rounds: prescription drug overdoses \u2013 a U.S. epidemic","volume":"61","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)","year":"2012","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-010-9455-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/28.4.217"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ftd.0000179853.16846.a9"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/28.4.260"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/23.3.168"}],"container-title":["Journal of Forensic Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2F1556-4029.12541","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/1556-4029.12541","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,23]],"date-time":"2023-09-23T15:35:18Z","timestamp":1695483318000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/1556-4029.12541"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,16]]},"references-count":14,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/1556-4029.12541"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1556-4029.12541","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-1198","1556-4029"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-1198","type":"print"},{"value":"1556-4029","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,16]]}}}