{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T12:30:32Z","timestamp":1792845032548,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,17]],"date-time":"2014-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1405555200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Armed Forces Institute of Pathology"},{"name":"The Natick Soldier Center"},{"name":"The Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences and Mr. George Holborow"},{"name":"The Walter Reed Army Medical Center"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Forensic Sciences"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Modern ballistic helmets defeat penetrating bullets by energy transfer from the projectile to the helmet, producing helmet deformation. This deformation may cause severe injuries without completely perforating the helmet, termed \u201cbehind armor blunt trauma\u201d (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BABT<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ). As helmets become lighter, the likelihood of larger helmet backface deformation under ballistic impact increases. To characterize the potential for\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BABT<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    , seven postmortem human head\/neck specimens wearing a ballistic protective helmet were exposed to nonperforating impact, using a 9\u00a0mm, full metal jacket, 124 grain bullet with velocities of 400\u2013460\u00a0m\/s. An increasing trend of injury severity was observed, ranging from simple linear fractures to combinations of linear and depressed fractures. Overall, the ability to identify skull fractures resulting from\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BABT<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    can be used in forensic investigations. Our results demonstrate a high risk of skull fracture due to\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BABT<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    and necessitate the prevention of\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BABT<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    as a design factor in future generations of protective gear.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.12570","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,17]],"date-time":"2014-07-17T03:50:32Z","timestamp":1405569032000},"page":"219-225","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Injuries of the Head from Backface Deformation of Ballistic Protective Helmets Under Ballistic Impact"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Karin A.","family":"Rafaels","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Applied Biomechanics University of Virginia 4040 Lewis N Clark Drive Charlottesville VA 22911"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hattie C.","family":"Cutcliffe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering Injury Biomechanics Laboratory Duke University 136 Hudson Hall, Box 90281 Durham NC 27708"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert S.","family":"Salzar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Applied Biomechanics University of Virginia 4040 Lewis N Clark Drive Charlottesville VA 22911"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Davis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Applied Biomechanics University of Virginia 4040 Lewis N Clark Drive Charlottesville VA 22911"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Boggess","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Applied Biomechanics University of Virginia 4040 Lewis N Clark Drive Charlottesville VA 22911"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bryan","family":"Bush","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Applied Biomechanics University of Virginia 4040 Lewis N Clark Drive Charlottesville VA 22911"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Harris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emory University 1518 Clifton Road Northeast Atlanta GA 30329"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark Steve","family":"Rountree","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory 11100 Johns Hopkins Road Laurel MD 20723"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ellory","family":"Sanderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Army\u2014Aberdeen Test Center Aberdeen Test Center CSTE\u2010DTC\u2010AT\u2010CS\u2010BD 400 Colleran Road Aberdeen Proving Ground MD 21005\u20105059"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven","family":"Campman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"San Diego County Medical Examiner's Office 5570 Overland Avenue, Suite 101 San Diego CA 92123"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Spencer","family":"Koch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Duke University Duke University Medical Center Box 3808 Durham NC 27710"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cameron R.","family":"\u2018Dale\u2019 Bass","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering Injury Biomechanics Laboratory Duke University 136 Hudson Hall, Box 90281 Durham NC 27708"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","unstructured":"Statistical Information Analysis Division.Military casualty summary by reason code;http:\/\/siadapp.dmdc.osd.mil\/personnel\/CASUALTY\/gwot_reason.pdf(accessed May 15 2012)."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.TA.0000133638.30269.38"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-200009000-00021"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-197812000-00007"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","first-page":"S145","article-title":"Some observations relating to behind\u2010body armor blunt trauma effects caused by ballistic impact","volume":"27","author":"Liden E","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-200011000-00021"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.TA.0000133575.48065.3F"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","first-page":"167","article-title":"Evaluation of pediatric skull fracture imaging techniques","volume":"214","author":"Mulroy MH","year":"2012","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","unstructured":"BassCR BoggessB BushB.Ballistic helmet backface deformation testing with a dummy subject. International Personal Armour Committee. 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