{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T03:54:50Z","timestamp":1793332490575,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":10,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,8]],"date-time":"2015-01-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1420675200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Department of Defense Joint Non-Lethal Weapons Directorate"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Forensic Sciences"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The field of forensic injury biomechanics is an emerging field. Biomechanically validated tools may assist interdisciplinary teams of investigators in assessing mechanisms of blunt head trauma resulting in skull fractures. The objective of this study is to assess the biofidelity of spherical, frangible skull\u2013brain (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SB<\/jats:styled-content>) surrogates. Blunt impacts were conducted at 20\u00a0m\/s, using an instrumented 103\u00a0g rigid impactor, to the temporo\u2010parietal region of four defleshed cephalic postmortem human subjects (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PMHS<\/jats:styled-content>). Force\u2013deformation response, fracture tolerance, and fracture patterns were recorded for comparison to spherical skull\u2013brain surrogates. Three brain substitutes were assessed: 10% gelatin, lead shot with Styrofoam and water. Force\u2013deformation response of the skull\u2013brain surrogates was similar to defleshed <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PMHS<\/jats:styled-content> up to the point of fracture; however, none of the surrogates fractured at tolerance levels comparable to the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PMHS<\/jats:styled-content>. Fracture patterns of the skull\u2013brain surrogates were linear and radiating, while <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PMHS<\/jats:styled-content> fractures were all depressed, comminuted.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.12693","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,8]],"date-time":"2015-01-08T21:40:22Z","timestamp":1420753222000},"page":"370-373","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["A Biomechanical Evaluation of Skull\u2013Brain Surrogates to Blunt High\u2010Rate Impacts to Postmortem Human Subjects"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"David E.","family":"Raymond","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering California State University 5151 State University Drive Los Angeles CA 90032"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cynthia A.","family":"Bir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Keck School of Medicine University of Southern California 1333 San Pablo Street Los Angeles CA 90033"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4271\/940568"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.bioeng.9.060906.151946"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1520\/JFS2002024"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_1","unstructured":"1969 Society of Automotive Engineers Warrendale PA J Brinn JP Stapp Two anthropomorphic test forms \u2013 the frontal bone of the skull and a typical facial bone"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-1502-6_8"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4271\/700909"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0379-0738(01)00639-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0379-0738(01)00637-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1115\/1.3194751"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2009.07.018"}],"container-title":["Journal of Forensic Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2F1556-4029.12693","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/1556-4029.12693","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,24]],"date-time":"2023-09-24T07:54:08Z","timestamp":1695542048000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/1556-4029.12693"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,8]]},"references-count":10,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/1556-4029.12693"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1556-4029.12693","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-1198","1556-4029"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-1198","type":"print"},{"value":"1556-4029","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,8]]}}}