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We used DNA analysis to investigate wheat flour samples for identification and discrimination as trace evidence. Species identification of commercially available wheat flour was carried out by sequencing a partial region of the ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase large subunit gene (<jats:italic>rbcL<\/jats:italic>). Samples were discriminated using short tandem repeat (STR) analysis. The <jats:italic>rbcL<\/jats:italic> sequences of all wheat flour samples were identical and showed a high level of similarity to known wheat (<jats:italic>Triticum aestivum<\/jats:italic> L.) sequences. Furthermore, flours had characteristic patterns in STR analyses, with specific cultivars showing distinctive patterns. These results suggested that the identification of wheat flour species is possible using <jats:italic>rbcL<\/jats:italic> sequencing, and that STR analysis is useful for discriminating between samples.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.12789","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,14]],"date-time":"2015-07-14T19:33:39Z","timestamp":1436902419000},"page":"1316-1321","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Forensic DNA Analysis of Wheat Flour as Commonly Used in White Powder Cases"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Hitomi S.","family":"Kikkawa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Institute of Police Science 6\u20103\u20101 Kashiwanoha Kashiwa 277\u20100882 Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Makoto","family":"Tahara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Environmental and life Science Okayama University 1\u20101\u20101 Tsushimanaka Kita\u2010ku Okayama 700\u20108530 Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ritsuko","family":"Sugita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Institute of Police Science 6\u20103\u20101 Kashiwanoha Kashiwa 277\u20100882 Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.286.20.2554"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","first-page":"23","article-title":"An experience of managing hospital powder contamination presumably caused by anthrax\u2010terrorism","volume":"7","author":"Sasaki H","year":"2002","journal-title":"J J Disast Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03160961"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2010.12.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","unstructured":"FernandezM.Inquiry into Obama and Bloomberg ricin letters leads to search of a Texas house. 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