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In this study, infant porcine skulls aged 2\u201319\u00a0days were dropped with an energy to cause fracturing onto four surfaces varying in stiffness from a rigid plate to one covered with plush carpeting. Results showed that heads dropped onto the rigid surface produced more extensive cranial fracturing than onto carpeted surfaces. Contact forces generated at fracture initiation and the overall maximum contact forces were generally lower for the rigid than carpeted impacts. While the degree of cranial fracturing from impacts onto the heavy carpeted surface was comparable to that of lower\u2010energy rigid surface impacts, there were fewer diastatic fractures. This suggests that characteristics of the cranial fracture patterns may be used to differentiate energy level from impact interface in pediatric forensic cases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.12939","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,25]],"date-time":"2015-08-25T14:34:07Z","timestamp":1440513247000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["The Role of Interface on the Impact Characteristics and Cranial Fracture Patterns Using the Immature Porcine Head Model"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"61","author":[{"given":"Trevor S.","family":"Deland","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthopaedic Biomechanics Laboratories Michigan State University East Lansing MI"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Niespodziewanski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology Michigan State University East Lansing MI"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Todd W.","family":"Fenton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology Michigan State University East Lansing MI"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roger C.","family":"Haut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthopaedic Biomechanics Laboratories Michigan State University East Lansing MI"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1460-9592.1999.00431.x"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","first-page":"11","article-title":"Childhood head injuries: accidental or inflicted?","volume":"154","author":"Reece RM","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81A","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-199904020-00483","article-title":"Significance of scalp hematomas in asymptomatic head\u2010injured infants","volume":"45","author":"Greenes DS","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.59.3.246"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-198909000-00015"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000433-200106000-00002"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.107.5.983"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.75.2.340","article-title":"Serious head injury in infants: accident or abuse?","volume":"75","author":"Billmire ME","year":"1985","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","first-page":"195","article-title":"The mechanism of production of linear skull fracture; 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