{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,21]],"date-time":"2025-09-21T18:15:22Z","timestamp":1758478522380},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,16]],"date-time":"2016-02-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1455580800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Forensic Sciences"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study reports two unusual cases of skull\u2010encephalic injuries in bathers that were caused by violent impacts with beach umbrellas. The first case concerned a 36\u2010year\u2010old man who, while lying on a sun bed, was struck on his left temple by a beach umbrella, which had been blown away by a gust of wind. The second case concerned a six\u2010year\u2010old child who was struck on the right temporal region while he was playing on the sand. Both subjects died. A review of the literature was carried out. Various skull and brain injuries caused by several objects were found, but no injuries caused by beach umbrellas were detected. There were only cases of injuries caused by normal umbrellas. These cases showed that several objects can be responsible for traumas causing skull and brain injuries, therefore forensic investigation must be supplemented by circumstantial data.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.13041","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,18]],"date-time":"2016-02-18T09:58:42Z","timestamp":1455789522000},"page":"851-854","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Skull and Encephalic Injuries Caused by Beach Umbrellas: Case Reports and Review of Literature"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"61","author":[{"given":"Elvira","family":"Ventura Spagnolo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology and Legal Medicine University of Palermo Via del Vespro 129 Palermo 90127 Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Mondello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Science and of Morphological and Functional Images University of Messina Via Consolare Valeria Gazzi Messina 98125 Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luigi","family":"Cardia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences University of Messina Via Consolare Valeria Gazzi 98125 Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Cannav\u00f2","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universitary Hospital \u00abG.Martino\u00bb Via Consolare Valeria Gazzi Messina 98125 Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giulio","family":"Cardia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Science and of Morphological and Functional Images University of Messina Via Consolare Valeria Gazzi Messina 98125 Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","unstructured":"Decree of the Italian Republic President 27\/4\/1955 n. 547; 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