{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T17:19:46Z","timestamp":1790356786169,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,18]],"date-time":"2017-01-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1484697600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Forensic Sciences"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The overlay of a skull and a face image for identification purposes requires similar subject\u2010to\u2010camera distances (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SCD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ) to be used at both photographic sessions so that differences in perspective do not compromise the anatomical comparisons. As the facial photograph is the reference standard, it is crucial to determine its\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SCD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    first and apply this value to photography of the skull. So far, such a method for estimating the\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SCD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    has been elusive (some say impossible), compromising the technical validity of the superimposition procedure. This paper tests the feasibility of using the palpebral fissure length and a well\u2010established photographic algorithm to accurately estimate the\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SCD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    from the facial photograph. Recordings at known\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SCD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    across a 1\u201310 m range (repeated under two test conditions) demonstrate that the newly formulated method works: a mean\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SCD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    estimation error of 7% that translates into &lt;1% perspective distortion error between estimated and actual conditions.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.13353","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,18]],"date-time":"2017-01-18T02:54:58Z","timestamp":1484708098000},"page":"850-860","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Estimating the Skull\u2010to\u2010Camera Distance from Facial Photographs for Craniofacial Superimposition"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"62","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8696-3809","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carl N.","family":"Stephan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Human Craniofacial and Skeletal Identification (HuCS\u2010ID Lab) School of Biomedical Sciences The University of Queensland Brisbane 4072 Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","first-page":"151","volume-title":"Craniofacial identification in forensic medicine","author":"Taylor JA","year":"1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.12842"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","first-page":"304","volume-title":"Handbook of forensic anthropology and archaeology","author":"Stephan CN","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139049566.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1520\/JFS14538J"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00204076"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","volume-title":"Digging for the disappeared: forensic science after atrocity","author":"Rosenblatt A","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00085030.1989.10757432"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2014.10.043"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00085030.1989.10757415"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/26.3.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","volume-title":"Medico\u2010legal aspects of the Ruxton case","author":"Glaister J","year":"1937"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2007.00624.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0379-0738(95)01742-2"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1520\/JFS12776J","article-title":"A study on the standard for forensic anthropologic identification of skull\u2010image superimposition","volume":"34","author":"Chai D\u2010S","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","first-page":"65","article-title":"Computer aided video superimposition device: a novel contribution to skull based identification in Malaysia","volume":"1","author":"Jayaprakash PT","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hlth Environ J"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000433-198203000-00009"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","first-page":"198","article-title":"An investigation into the accuracy and reliability of skull\u2010photo superimposition in a South African sample","volume":"3","author":"Gordon GM","year":"2012","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","first-page":"57","article-title":"Developments in cranio\u2010facial superimposition for identification","volume":"1","author":"Brown KA","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Forensic Odonto\u2010Somatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","first-page":"103","article-title":"The Truro murders in retrospect: a historical review of the identification of the victims","volume":"22","author":"Brown KA","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ann Acad Med Sing"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","first-page":"105","volume-title":"Forensic analysis of the skull","author":"Sekharan PC","year":"1993"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1142133"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","first-page":"232","article-title":"A scientific method for positioning of the skull for photography in superimposition studies","volume":"1","author":"Sekharan PC","year":"1973","journal-title":"J Pol Sci Admin"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118255377.ch21"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1520\/JFS11221J"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","volume-title":"Killing for pleasure","author":"Marshall D","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","volume-title":"The bodies in the Barrels murders","author":"Pudney J","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2015.07.045"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1520\/JFS13615J"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_1","first-page":"119","volume-title":"Forensic analysis of the skull","author":"Lan Y","year":"1993"},{"issue":"287","key":"e_1_2_6_32_1","first-page":"e1","article-title":"A discussion of current issues and concepts in the practice of skull\u2010photo\/craniofacial superimposition","volume":"262","author":"Gordon GM","year":"2016","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1520\/JFS11568J"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2015.04.026"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_35_1","volume-title":"The human skeleton in forensic medicine","author":"\u0130\u015fcan MY","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0379-0738(89)90215-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330100318"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/3.43160"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.22452\/adum.vol9no1.4","article-title":"Determining the validity of Furue's method of craniofacial superimposition for identification","volume":"9","author":"Scully B","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann Dent Univ Mal"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_40_1","unstructured":"TaylorJ.Distortion in craniofacial video superimposition[Masters thesis].Adelaide Australia:The University of Adelaide 1991."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_41_1","first-page":"179","volume-title":"Beitrage zur Bewertung der Superprojektionsmethode zur identifizierung unbekannter Skelettfunde. Kriminalistik und forensische Wissenschaften","author":"Titlbach Z","year":"1970"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-0465-2_149"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_43_1","first-page":"247","article-title":"Eine photgraphischen verfahren zur sch\u00e4delidentifizierung","volume":"47","author":"Gr\u00fcner O","year":"1959","journal-title":"Deutsche Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Gerichtliche Medizin"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0379-0738(95)01744-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2006.06.062"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_46_1","first-page":"409","article-title":"A study of the superimposition technique as a positive identification method","volume":"92","author":"Hashimoto M","year":"1992","journal-title":"Shikawa Gakuho"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2015.09.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_48_1","volume-title":"Anthropometry of the head and face","author":"Farkas LG","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_49_1","volume-title":"Morphometric tools for landmark data: geometry and biology","author":"Bookstein FL","year":"1991"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_50_1","first-page":"241","volume-title":"Anthropometry of the head and face","author":"Farkas LG","year":"1994"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_6_51_1","first-page":"56","article-title":"The effect of corneal diameter on soft lens fitting, part 1","volume":"17","author":"Caroline PJ","year":"2002","journal-title":"Contact Lens Spect"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_52_1","first-page":"337","volume-title":"Anthropometry of the head and face","author":"Farkas LG","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_53_1","first-page":"347","volume-title":"Anthropometry of the head and face","author":"Farkas LG","year":"1994"}],"container-title":["Journal of Forensic Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2F1556-4029.13353","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/1556-4029.13353","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,21]],"date-time":"2024-06-21T17:49:06Z","timestamp":1718992146000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/1556-4029.13353"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,18]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/1556-4029.13353"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1556-4029.13353","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-1198","1556-4029"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-1198","type":"print"},{"value":"1556-4029","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,18]]}}}