{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T20:10:30Z","timestamp":1790539830843,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,19]],"date-time":"2017-04-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1492560000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Forensic Sciences"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Over the past two decades, prescription and illicit opioid use has led to changes in public health policy to address the increasing number of opioid\u2010related deaths. The purpose of this study was to review cases from Hennepin County Medical Examiner's Office between 2004 through 2015 where heroin was listed as a significant contributor or as the cause of death. We identified 322 heroin\u2010related deaths, which were predominantly male (255; 79%). 6\u2010Monoacetylmorphine (6\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MAM<\/jats:styled-content>) median (range) concentrations were as follows: blood (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 7), 0.010 (0.006\u20130.078) mg\/L; urine (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 30), 0.359 (0.009\u20131.75) mg\/L; and vitreous humor (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 31), 0.034 (0.004\u20130.24) mg\/L. Free morphine was measurable in 273 cases and the percent free morphine (range), when grouped by <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">COD<\/jats:styled-content>, was opioid (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 124), 28% (2.2%\u201392%), and mixed drug toxicity (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 135), 35.3% (1.5%\u2013100%); (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.01). Quantitation of 6\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MAM<\/jats:styled-content> in blood and vitreous humor, along with a free to total morphine ratio &gt;26%, was useful in establishing heroin\u2010related deaths.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.13511","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,19]],"date-time":"2017-04-19T06:00:00Z","timestamp":1492581600000},"page":"191-194","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Heroin\u2010related Deaths from the Hennepin County Medical Examiner's Office from 2004 Through 2015"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"63","author":[{"given":"Sara A.","family":"Love","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine &amp; Pathology Hennepin County Medical Center 701 Park Avenue Minneapolis MN"},{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine &amp; Pathology University of Minnesota 420 Delaware Street SE Minneapolis MN"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Lelinski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hennepin County Medical Examiner 530 Chicago Avenue Minneapolis MN"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie","family":"Kloss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine &amp; Pathology Hennepin County Medical Center 701 Park Avenue Minneapolis MN"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Owen","family":"Middleton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hennepin County Medical Examiner 530 Chicago Avenue Minneapolis MN"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fred S.","family":"Apple","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine &amp; Pathology Hennepin County Medical Center 701 Park Avenue Minneapolis MN"},{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine &amp; Pathology University of Minnesota 420 Delaware Street SE Minneapolis MN"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,19]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","first-page":"10","article-title":"CDC grand rounds: prescription drug overdoses \u2010 a U.S. epidemic","volume":"61","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)","year":"2012","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","unstructured":"Drug Enforcement Administration.DEA issues nationwide alert on fentanyl as threat to health and public safety.https:\/\/www.dea.gov\/divisions\/hq\/2015\/hq031815.shtml(accessed April 4 2016)."},{"issue":"23","key":"e_1_2_5_4_1","first-page":"631","article-title":"Opioid overdose prevention programs providing naloxone to laypersons \u2013 United States, 2014","volume":"64","author":"Wheeler E","year":"2015","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-031914-122957"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.f174"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.1464"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm655051e1"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_9_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Drug\u2010poisoning deaths involving heroin: United States, 2000\u20102013","volume":"190","author":"Hedegaard H","year":"2015","journal-title":"NCHS Data Brief"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2013.12711"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2015.0914"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2013.01.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1520\/JFS15112J"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkt099"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/32.8.673"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/23.3.168"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/28.4.260"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_18_1","first-page":"199","article-title":"Utility of vitreous humor in investigations of heroin\u2010related deaths","volume":"27","author":"Pearson JM","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Anal Toxicol"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2011.01.043"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13181-013-0323-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_21_1","first-page":"992","volume-title":"Disposition of toxic drugs and chemicals in man","author":"Baselt RC","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/34.6.312"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.14473","type":"erratum","label":"Erratum","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,5]],"date-time":"2020-06-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1591315200000}}],"container-title":["Journal of Forensic Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2F1556-4029.13511","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/1556-4029.13511","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,23]],"date-time":"2023-09-23T16:10:41Z","timestamp":1695485441000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/1556-4029.13511"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,19]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/1556-4029.13511"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1556-4029.13511","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{"erratum":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/1556-4029.14473","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0022-1198","1556-4029"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-1198","type":"print"},{"value":"1556-4029","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,19]]}}}