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Three types of cranial blunt force lesions were documented (hinge, depressed, and comminuted) using three forms of surface scanning (laser, structured light scanner, and photogrammetry) at two different quality settings (standard and high). 3D printed models of the lesions were produced using two different materials (a gypsum\u2010like composite powder called VisiJet<jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup> <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PXL<\/jats:styled-content> and an acrylic engineered composite plastic called VisiJet<jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup> M3 in crystal colour). The results of these analyzes indicate the prints in this study exhibit some statistically significant differences from the actual bone lesions, but details of the lesions can be reproduced to within 2 mm accuracy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.13627","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,23]],"date-time":"2017-08-23T19:20:46Z","timestamp":1503516046000},"page":"683-691","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["The Accuracy and Applicability of 3D Modeling and Printing Blunt Force Cranial Injuries"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"63","author":[{"given":"Julie","family":"Edwards","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology University of Toronto Mississauga 3359 Mississauga Road Mississauga ON L5L 1C6 Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tracy","family":"Rogers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology University of Toronto Mississauga 3359 Mississauga Road Mississauga ON L5L 1C6 Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbt.2009.03.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330970307"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","volume-title":"The human in 3D: advanced morphometric analysis of high\u2010resolution anatomically accurate computed models [dissertation]","author":"Decker S","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2319\/012710-58.1"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","first-page":"451","article-title":"\u201cBochdalek's\u201d skull: morphology report and reconstruction of face","volume":"8","author":"Klepacek I","year":"2012","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Med Pathol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12748\/uujms.201324255"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","volume-title":"VAST 2005: proceedings of 6th international symposium on virtual reality, archaeology and cultural heritage; 2005 Nov 8\u201011; Pisa, Italy","author":"Allard TT","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","first-page":"1319","volume-title":"Annals of DAAAM 2009 & proceedings of the 20th international DAAAM symposium intelligent manufacturing & automation: focus on theory, practice and education; 2009 Nov 25\u201038; Vienna, Austria","author":"Druga C","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/01445150510626415"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.30291"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/13552540610637273"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-47683-4_6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mattod.2013.11.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ac403397r"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03091900500131714"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2011.01764.x"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","first-page":"e29","article-title":"Weapon identification using antemortem computed tomography with virtual 3D and rapid prototype modeling \u2013 a report in a case of blunt force head injury","volume":"222","author":"Wozniak K","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2003.07.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2011.04.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","unstructured":"http:\/\/www.forensicmag.com\/articles\/2013\/06\/forensic-uses-3d-printing(accessed January 10 2017)."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jofri.2014.04.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","first-page":"459","volume-title":"Springer series in optical sciences: engineering optics","author":"Iizuka K","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.22658"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2007.01.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2010.11.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12024-012-9344-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.22468"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2005.10.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_1","volume-title":"Digitization protocols and applications for laser scanning human bone in forensic anthropology [thesis]","author":"Filiault M","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0379-0738(03)00006-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2009.01041.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_33_1","volume-title":"Homicide in Canada, 2012. 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