{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,12]],"date-time":"2024-08-12T13:10:35Z","timestamp":1723468235966},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,10]],"date-time":"2019-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1568073600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000005","name":"U.S. Department of Defense","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000005","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Forensic Sciences"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Conducted electrical weapons are designed to cause temporary electro\u2010muscular incapacitation (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EMI<\/jats:styled-content>) without significant injury. The objective of this study was to assess the risk and cause of spinal injury due to exposure to a benchtop <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EMI<\/jats:styled-content> device. Porcine subjects were exposed to 19 and 40\u00a0Hz electrical stimuli for a prolonged duration of 30\u00a0sec. X\u2010ray imaging, necropsy, and accelerometry found that lumbosacral spinal fractures occurred in at least 89% of all subjects, regardless of the stimulus group, and were likely caused by musculoskeletal fatigue\u2010related stress in the lumbosacral spine. Spinal fractures occurred in the porcine model at an unusually high rate compared to human. This may be due to both the prolonged duration of electrical stimulation and significant musculoskeletal differences between humans and pigs, which suggests that the porcine model is not a good model of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EMI<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010induced spinal fracture in humans.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.14177","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,10]],"date-time":"2019-09-10T13:29:22Z","timestamp":1568122162000},"page":"144-153","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Prolonged Electro\u2010muscular Incapacitation in a Porcine Model Causes Spinal Injury"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"65","author":[{"given":"Jennie M.","family":"Burns","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"General Dynamics Information Technology JBSA Fort Sam Houston TX 78234"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael G.","family":"Kamykowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"General Dynamics Information Technology JBSA Fort Sam Houston TX 78234"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Justin A.","family":"Moreno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"General Dynamics Information Technology JBSA Fort Sam Houston TX 78234"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael B.","family":"Jirjis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioeffects Division Airman Systems Directorate 711th Human Performance Wing U.S. Air Force Research Laboratory JBSA Fort Sam Houston TX 78234"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","unstructured":"BeierEB JirjisMB SimondsJL.Disable point target \u2013 target human effects evaluation plan. JBSA Fort Sam Houston TX: Air Force Research Laboratory 711th Human Performance Wing Human Effectiveness Directorate (now known as Airman Systems Directorate) Bioeffects Division Human Effects Center of Excellence 2015. Report No.: AFRL\u2010RH\u2010FS\u2010TR\u20102015\u20100003."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118456026.ch4"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"KrollMW PanescuD CarverM KrollRM HinzAF.Cardiac effects of varying pulse charge and polarity of TASER\u00ae conducted electrical weapons. Proceedings of the Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society; 2009 Sept 2\u20106; Minneapolis MN.Piscataway NJ:Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers 2009.","DOI":"10.1109\/IEMBS.2009.5333135"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2012.02167.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","unstructured":"StracbuckerR RoederR NerheimM.Cardiac safety of high voltage TASER X26 waveform. Proceedings of the 25th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society; 2003 Sept 17\u201021; Cancun Mexico.Piscataway NJ:Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers 2003."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8159.2009.02612.x"},{"volume-title":"TASER\u00ae electronic control devices electrical characteristics \u2013 X26","year":"2009","author":"TASER International, Inc.","key":"e_1_2_6_8_1"},{"volume-title":"Risk and effects assessment of electro\u2010muscular incapacitation (EMI) technologies","year":"2012","author":"Comeaux JA","key":"e_1_2_6_9_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.12122"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12024-009-9126-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2011.01.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PAF.0b013e3182186d5d"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.12070"},{"volume-title":"The human effects advisory panel's assessment of the HEMI RSI and efficacy study","year":"2012","author":"Kenny JM","key":"e_1_2_6_15_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1553-2712.2009.00458.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2007.06.034"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2007.06.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmrj.2011.08.178"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-85475-5_24"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","unstructured":"Department of Defense (DoD).Use of animals in DoD programs. DoD Instruction Number 3216.01 2010.https:\/\/www.esd.whs.mil\/Directives\/issuances\/dodi\/(accessedApril 23 2019)."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","unstructured":"United States Department of Agriculture (USDA).USDA animal welfare regulations 9 C.F.R. Subchapter A 2013.https:\/\/www.nal.usda.gov\/awic\/animal-welfare-act(accessed April 23 2019)."},{"volume-title":"Guide for the care and use of laboratory animals","year":"2011","author":"National Research Council (NRC)","key":"e_1_2_6_23_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","unstructured":"Departments of the Army Navy Air Force Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency and the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences.The care and use of laboratory animals in DOD programs AR 40\u201033\/AFMAN 40\u2010401(I) 2005.https:\/\/armypubs.army.mil\/epubs\/DR_pubs\/DR_a\/pdf\/web\/r40_33.pdf(accessed April 23 2019)."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.13969"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12024-013-9436-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.880150308"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2005.10.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12024-013-9423-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12024-009-9076-x"}],"container-title":["Journal of Forensic Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2F1556-4029.14177","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/1556-4029.14177","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/1556-4029.14177","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/am-pdf\/10.1111\/1556-4029.14177","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/1556-4029.14177","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,12]],"date-time":"2024-08-12T12:42:29Z","timestamp":1723466549000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/1556-4029.14177"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,10]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/1556-4029.14177"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1556-4029.14177","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-1198","1556-4029"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0022-1198"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1556-4029"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2019-03-19","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-08-12","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-09-10","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}