{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T19:15:09Z","timestamp":1781205309649,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":119,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,23]],"date-time":"2020-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1600819200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Forensic Sciences"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Distinguishing between suicide and homicide can be challenging owing to ambiguous and confusing case details. In particular, there is a paucity of useful information comparing homicide and suicide knots and ligatures in the literature. Multiple knot and ligature characteristics have not been recognized previously because complete and accurate information has been lacking. Ninety external tying cases (mainly homicide) and 56 cases involving self\u2010tying (mainly suicide) were reviewed to compare multiple knot and ligature characteristics. Additionally, 189 survey volunteers performed four standardized external tying tasks and two self\u2010tying tasks, yielding comparison data from more than 1500 knots. Using all available data, it was determined that the differences between external and self\u2010tying included types of knots, ligature configurations, ligature tensions, wrist gaps, wend lengths, knot access, external anchoring, and other indicators. These differences are presented in a proposed analysis checklist inspired by medical and psychiatric protocols. The checklist contains 14 potential characteristics for head and neck bindings, 14 potential characteristics for wrists and arms, nine ankle and leg characteristics, and four linkage details. The proposed checklist can be expanded and fine\u2010tuned as more data are accumulated. It offers experienced knot analysts an additional tool to assist in drawing conclusions, which then can be related to other case evidence by investigators.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.14567","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,23]],"date-time":"2020-09-23T16:34:20Z","timestamp":1600878860000},"page":"209-228","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Distinguishing between homicide and suicide knots and ligatures: A comparative analysis of case and survey data"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"66","author":[{"given":"Robert C.","family":"Chisnall","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Consultant Kingston Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1520\/JFS2004033"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","first-page":"152","volume-title":"Autoerotic fatalities","author":"Hazelwood RR","year":"1983"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0271-5384(81)90033-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-001-0271-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2005.04.039"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000433-200209000-00011"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","first-page":"112","volume-title":"The forensic analysis of knots and ligatures","author":"Chisnall R","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1520\/JFS11881J"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","first-page":"38","volume-title":"Knots and crime","author":"Budworth G","year":"1985"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2010.01451.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00450618.2011.561497"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/sjfs-2016-0005"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","first-page":"371","article-title":"Cases of hanging with bound limbs\u2013suicide, homicide or accident","volume":"52","author":"Kryzanowski M","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch Med Sadowej Kyminal"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","first-page":"67","article-title":"Forensic interpretation of knots and ties used to restrain hands and legs of the victim","volume":"47","author":"Tanislav E","year":"2001","journal-title":"Problems Forensic Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000433-198812000-00001"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","first-page":"32","article-title":"Suicidal hanging versus homicidal hanging\u2013a case report","volume":"2","author":"Chaudhary BL","year":"2008","journal-title":"Indian J Forensic Med Toxicol"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","first-page":"77","article-title":"A suicidal hanging with unusual finding at crime scene","volume":"34","author":"Behera C","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Indian Acad Forensic Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-7368(61)70032-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1353-1131(98)90005-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000433-199812000-00016"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","first-page":"726","article-title":"What knots can reveal: The strengths and limitations of forensic knot analysis","volume":"57","author":"Chisnall R","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Forensic Ident"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","first-page":"371","volume-title":"The essentials of forensic medicine","author":"Polson CJ","year":"1973"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","first-page":"87","volume-title":"Forensic medicine","author":"Simpson K","year":"1985"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","first-page":"783","volume-title":"Spitz and Fisher's medicolegal investigation of death: Guidelines for the application of pathology to crime investigation","author":"Spitz WU","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2006.00230.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.13003"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2007.00531.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2009.01254.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2009.01239.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.12888"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.12822"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.12786"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.12685"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1520\/JFS14342J","article-title":"Suicide amongst youth and young adults, 15 through 24 years of age. A report of 392 cases from Paris, 1989\u20131996","volume":"4","author":"Lecomte D","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2010.01695.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejfs.2011.04.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejfs.2011.04.014"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_2_11_39_1","first-page":"297","article-title":"Hanging suicides in Himachal Pradesh: An analysis of forensic cases","volume":"4","author":"Pal SK","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Forensic Sci Pathol"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.12589"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3329\/dmcj.v5i2.33347"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2016.05.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3329\/dmcj.v4i1.27625"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.paf.0000221082.72186.2e"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_45_1","first-page":"24","article-title":"Asphyxial deaths: A four year retrospective study in Peshawar","volume":"28","author":"Khalil ZH","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Postgrad Med Inst"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_11_46_1","article-title":"A forensic analysis of ligature material in suicidal hangings","volume":"3","author":"Pal SK","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejfs.2014.07.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5958\/2394-6776.2016.00008.4"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_11_49_1","first-page":"352","article-title":"Pattern of neck findings in suicidal hanging: A study in Manipur","volume":"33","author":"Meera T","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Indian Acad Forensic Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_11_50_1","first-page":"237","article-title":"Epidemiological profile of suicide by hanging in southern parts of Kerala: An autopsy based study","volume":"33","author":"Sharija S","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Indian Acad Forensic Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_51_1","first-page":"23","article-title":"Analysis of postmortem findings of asphyxial deaths due to hanging in a Madhya Pradesh state, India","volume":"4","author":"Yadav A","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Med Health Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7439\/ijbar.v7i3.3090"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_53_1","unstructured":"MS Bullar 2013 Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences Karnataka Bangalore India"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_11_54_1","first-page":"48","article-title":"Study of violent asphyxial death","volume":"3","author":"Patel\u2010Ankur P","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Toxicol Forensic Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_11_55_1","first-page":"149","article-title":"Fracture of hyoid bone in cases of asphyxial deaths resulting from constricting force around the neck","volume":"27","author":"Naik SK","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Indian Acad Forensic Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.12772"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejfs.2015.01.004"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.3329\/kyamcj.v4i1.32255","article-title":"Suicide by hanging: An analysis of 312 cases","volume":"4","author":"Rahman ZM","year":"2013","journal-title":"Khwaja Yunus Ali Medical College J"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_11_59_1","first-page":"1000388","article-title":"Suicidal hanging in Eskisehir, Turkey: 25 year analysis","volume":"8","author":"Karbeyaz K","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Forensic Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17986\/blm.2006111602"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2007.01.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1179555717692545"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.186.3.260"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.13179"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2012.02230.x"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_66_1","first-page":"34","article-title":"Nomenclature for knot position in hanging: A study of 200 cases","volume":"34","author":"Badkur DS","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Indian Acad Forensic Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_11_67_1","first-page":"149","article-title":"Incidence of typical and atypical hanging among hanging cases","volume":"17","author":"Talukder MA","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mymensingh Med J"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_2_11_68_1","first-page":"32","article-title":"Position of the knot in hanging and strangulation in asphyxia deaths in medico\u2010legal autopsies in Lahore","volume":"25","author":"Nadar S","year":"2014","journal-title":"Medical Forum Monthly"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3329\/bmj.v43i2.21390"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3329\/jafmc.v6i2.7273"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_11_71_1","first-page":"34","article-title":"A study of violent mechanical asphyxial deaths in homicide \u2013 a retrospective study of five years","volume":"25","author":"Singh OG","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Forensic Med Toxicol"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2188\/jea.14.187"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1980.tb00632.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.07.043489"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7580\/kjlm.2017.41.3.78"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_11_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1520\/JFS14372J","article-title":"Murder masquerading as suicide: Postmortem assessment of suicide risk factors at the time of death","volume":"4","author":"Simon R","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2011.01719.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1088767914553099"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2015.05.031"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1520\/JFS14607J"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.12930"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.12914"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.13247"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2008.00754.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcfm.2005.11.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0025802413499151"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_11_87_1","first-page":"240","article-title":"Naked suicide","volume":"36","author":"Simon RI","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Am Acad Psychiatry Law"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1520\/JFS12220J"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.13609"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/2229-516X.149249"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PAF.0b013e318187e06b"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000433-198212000-00017"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PAF.0b013e3181873f40"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.13680"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scijus.2016.04.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2020.110272"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1142\/2686","volume-title":"Symmetric bends: How to join two lengths of cord","author":"Miles RE","year":"1995"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_2_11_98_1","first-page":"76","article-title":"Study of death due to compression of neck by ligature","volume":"5","author":"Patel JB","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Health Sci Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1258\/msl.2010.010016"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02092331"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.paf.0000097855.51407.f9"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000433-199609000-00002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.PAF.0681069550.31660.f5"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_104_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0379-0738(03)00279-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_105_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcfm.2003.08.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.13638"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_107_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004140050199"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_108_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejfs.2013.08.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_109_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2006.00312.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_110_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4172\/2380-5439.1000162"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_111_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/pch\/17.2.91"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_112_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.81.3.278m"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_113_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1348\/000712606X146197"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_114_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.1977.45.3f.1041"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_11_115_1","first-page":"144","article-title":"Right and left handedness defined: A multivariate approach using hand preference and hand performance measures","volume":"14","author":"Corey DM","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neuropsychiat Neuropsychol Behav Neurol"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_11_116_1","first-page":"600","article-title":"Why experts make errors","volume":"56","author":"Dror IE","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Forensic Ident"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_117_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0022125"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_118_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.12805"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_119_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-8703(99)70186-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_120_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.13453"}],"container-title":["Journal of Forensic Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/1556-4029.14567","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/1556-4029.14567","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/1556-4029.14567","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,14]],"date-time":"2024-08-14T16:53:53Z","timestamp":1723654433000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/1556-4029.14567"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,23]]},"references-count":119,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/1556-4029.14567"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1556-4029.14567","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-1198","1556-4029"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-1198","type":"print"},{"value":"1556-4029","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-06-16","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-08-12","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-09-23","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}