{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]],"date-time":"2025-09-23T12:58:38Z","timestamp":1758632318948,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,6]],"date-time":"2020-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601942400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Forensic Sciences"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Performing point\u2010of\u2010care urine drug screen testing at autopsy by a forensic pathologist may provide an early indication of the presence of analytes of interest during autopsy. An evaluation for the screening of 14 classes of common drugs of abuse in postmortem urine by the point\u2010of\u2010care screening device, Alere iCup DX 14, is presented. One hundred ninety postmortem urine samples were screened with the iCup occurring at autopsy by the forensic pathologist. Positive and negative results obtained from the screening kit were evaluated against confirmatory test results obtained using routine forensic toxicology analyses that employed LC\u2010MS\/MS and GC\u2010MS to detect a combination of over 85 common drugs of abuse and medications. Sensitivity for each respective iCup drug class ranged from 66% (buprenorphine) to 100% (methadone, tricyclic antidepressants). Specificity for each respective iCup drug class ranged from 89% (benzodiazepines) to 100% (amphetamines, barbiturates, buprenorphine, 3,4\u2010methylenedioxymethamphetamine, methadone). Positive predictive values ranged from 44% (benzodiazepines) to 100% (amphetamines, barbiturates, buprenorphine, methylenedioxymethamphetamine, methadone), while negative predictive values ranged from 96% (methamphetamine) to 100% (barbiturates, methadone, tricyclic antidepressants). A high false\u2010positive rate was yielded by the benzodiazepine class. The lack of fentanyl screening in the point\u2010of\u2010care device is a significant limitation considering its prolific prevalence in forensic casework. The results obtained in the study should be acknowledged when considering the use of the Alere iCup DX 14 in the context of postmortem casework to help indicate potential drug use contemporaneously with autopsy and when requiring such preliminary results prior to the release of a final forensic toxicology report.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.14577","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,6]],"date-time":"2020-10-06T20:53:18Z","timestamp":1602017598000},"page":"375-382","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Evaluation and applicability of Alere iCup DX 14 for rapid postmortem urine drug screening at autopsy"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"66","author":[{"given":"Steven","family":"Towler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sciences, John Jay College of Criminal Justice City University of New York New York NY USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3858-1280","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Concheiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sciences, John Jay College of Criminal Justice City University of New York New York NY USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1501-112X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sue","family":"Pearring","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forensic Laboratory Division Office of the Chief Medical Examiner San Francisco CA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8660-6481","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luke N.","family":"Rodda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forensic Laboratory Division Office of the Chief Medical Examiner San Francisco CA USA"},{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine University of California San Francisco CA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.2018 annual surveillance report of drug\u2010related risks and outcomes\u2014United States. Surveillance special report. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention US Dept of Health and Human Services.https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/drugoverdose\/pdf\/pubs\/2018\u2010cdc\u2010drug\u2010surveillance\u2010report.pdf. Accessed 22 Mar 2020."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-815607-0.00011-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-2712(18)30040-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cll.2009.06.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00476-17"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3928\/01477447-20110922-22"},{"volume-title":"Alere iCup DX Drug Screen Cup","year":"2018","author":"Alere Inc","key":"e_1_2_7_8_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkaa003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/08958378.2014.955932"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2006.00180.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","unstructured":"Randox Toxicology. Drugs of abuse array I +.https:\/\/www.randoxtoxicology.com\/doa\u2010i\u2010plus\/. Accessed 30 Apr 2020."},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2011\/14\/175","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of the accuracy of immunoassay with liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC\/MS\/MS) of urine drug testing (UDT) opioids and illicit drugs in chronic pain patients","volume":"14","author":"Manchikanti L","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/18.7.407"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2017.10.016"}],"container-title":["Journal of Forensic Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/1556-4029.14577","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/1556-4029.14577","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/1556-4029.14577","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,3]],"date-time":"2023-09-03T07:51:15Z","timestamp":1693727475000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/1556-4029.14577"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,6]]},"references-count":14,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/1556-4029.14577"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1556-4029.14577","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-1198","1556-4029"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0022-1198"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1556-4029"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-06-03","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-08-25","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-10-06","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}