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The congruent matching cells (CMC) method was invented for accurate breech face impression comparison, in which a reference impression is divided into correlation cells. Each cell is registered to a cell\u2010sized area of the comparison impression that has maximum similarity in surface topography. Four parameters are used to quantify the congruent matching pattern of the registration position and orientation. This paper aims to further develop the cell\u2010division\u2010matching method based on a convergence feature and to develop practical convergence\u2010improved algorithms for firing pin impression comparison. The convergence feature refers to the tendency of the <jats:italic>x<\/jats:italic>\u2010<jats:italic>y<\/jats:italic> registration positions of correlated cell pairs to converge at the correct registration angle when comparing same\u2010source samples at different orientations. The areal Gaussian filter is employed to extract high\u2010frequency micro\u2010features; the least\u2010squares matching method is used to improve each cross\u2010correlation precision and reach convergence in the registration positions of correlated cell pairs; and a density\u2010based clustering algorithm is introduced to collect the registration positions of dense cell pairs relative to a virtual common center and to remove outliers. Improvements are achieved in the reliability and accuracy of the number of congruent matching cell pairs (CMCs) collected, which represents the quantification of the degree of pairwise impression similarity. Experiments in this report used 40 firing pin impression samples on cartridge cases fired from 10 pistols. The results included no false identifications or false exclusions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.14634","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,24]],"date-time":"2020-11-24T05:21:55Z","timestamp":1606195315000},"page":"571-582","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Convergence\u2010improved congruent matching cells (CMC) method for firing pin impression comparison"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"66","author":[{"given":"Hao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical and Power Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jialing","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical and Power Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rongjing","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical and Power Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hua","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical and Power Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fuzhong","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical and Power Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anup","family":"Malik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical and Power Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2013.04.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2018.02.026"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wear.2008.04.081"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2016.12.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/2051-672X\/4\/1\/013002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","unstructured":"Forensic Technology Inc.http:\/\/www.ultra\u2010forensictechnology.com\/. 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