{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T21:34:54Z","timestamp":1791408894264,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,18]],"date-time":"2021-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623974400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["159366\/2019\u20104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["159366\/2019\u20104"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Forensic Sciences"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The chemical identification of <jats:italic>Cannabis<\/jats:italic> is commonly carried out using the Duquenois\u2013Levine (DL) colorimetric test. On the other hand, its active substances called cannabinoids are differentiated by thin\u2010layer chromatography (TLC). This work aims to optimize parameters of these two chemical tests using different samples of <jats:italic>Cannabis in natura<\/jats:italic> and previously heated (decarboxylated), as well as their isolated bioactive and possible false positives. The efficiency of the DL test without using ether and aliphatic aldehyde was evaluated, comparing the removal or not of the solid sample from the reaction medium after applying different concentrations of the vanillin ethanolic solution. The chemical properties of different cannabinoids and solvents were estimated and correlated with the TLC retention factors. DL tests applied directly to the plant matrix did not show the expected color, even using a high concentration of vanillin. However, obtaining ethanolic extracts from the samples using low vanillin concentration was sufficient without detecting false positives described in the literature. Cannabinoids with high dipole moment (<jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/jfo14777-math-0001.png\" xlink:title=\"urn:x-wiley:00221198:media:jfo14777:jfo14777-math-0001\"\/>) were poorly eluted in TLC, indicating a great interaction with the stationary phase. Their identifications could be conducted based on their distinct lipophilic characteristics (<jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/jfo14777-math-0002.png\" xlink:title=\"urn:x-wiley:00221198:media:jfo14777:jfo14777-math-0002\"\/>) and the choice of a more polar solvent mix (<jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/jfo14777-math-0003.png\" xlink:title=\"urn:x-wiley:00221198:media:jfo14777:jfo14777-math-0003\"\/>). It is concluded that the DL test can be conducted with reagents of less toxicity, but it is necessary to remove the plant matrix from the reaction medium. The correlation of the TLC results with the chemical properties of cannabinoids and solvents was consistent and can be extrapolated for more complex analyses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.14777","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,18]],"date-time":"2021-06-18T10:16:26Z","timestamp":1624011386000},"page":"1647-1657","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Simple chemical tests to identify <i>Cannabis<\/i> derivatives: Redefinition of parameters and analysis of concepts"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"66","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9312-5974","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel Ribeiro","family":"Grij\u00f3","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Chemical Engineering Department of Chemical Engineering State University of Maringa Maringa Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Eduardo","family":"Olivo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Chemical Engineering Department of Chemical Engineering State University of Maringa Maringa Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oswaldo Curty","family":"da Motta Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Chemical Engineering Department of Chemical Engineering State University of Maringa Maringa Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","unstructured":"United Nations Commission on Narcotic Drugs.Implementation of the international drug control treaties. Sixty\u2010third Session.2020.https:\/\/undocs.org\/E\/CN.7\/2020\/L.1\/Add.9. Accessed 18 Feb 2021."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199662685.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2050324520945797"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","volume-title":"Recommended methods for the identification and analysis of cannabis and cannabis products. ST\/NAR\/40 2009","author":"United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcou.2018.12.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.15185"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","unstructured":"KoRD HughesB inventors.NextLeaf Solutions Ltd assignee. Cannabinoid extraction and distillation. European Patent Application EP 3 623 029 A1. 2020 Mar 18."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.0c07472"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/lsi.2020.6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","unstructured":"Milestone.Improving the quality and efficiency of terpene extraction from cannabis plant: Highly efficient microwave processing of terpenes with the Milestone ETHOS X.2019.https:\/\/milestonesci.com\/wp\u2010content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/Tech\u2010notes_Ethos\u2010X\u2010Terpene\u2010Rev\u2010060519.pdf.pdf. Accessed 18 Feb 2021."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/i560090a016"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1520\/JFS10911J"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.14562"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/plants8110496"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","unstructured":"Virginia Department of Forensic Science.4\u2010AP (Cannabis typification) field tests. Forensic kits.2019.https:\/\/www.dfs.virginia.gov\/field\u2010test\u2010kits\/4\u2010ap\u2010cannabis\u2010typification\u2010field\u2010tests\/. Accessed 18 Feb 2021."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1874402801205010004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5740\/jaoacint.18-0061"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2014.02.031"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forc.2016.07.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","first-page":"239","volume-title":"Chemical properties handbook: Physical, thermodynamic, environmental, transport, safety, and health related properties for organic and inorganic chemicals","author":"Yaws CL","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"HeW FothPJ RoggenM SammisGM KennepohlP.Why Is THCA decarboxylation faster than CBDA? an in Silico Perspective. ChemRxiv.2020. 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