{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T20:43:41Z","timestamp":1790369021101,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,3]],"date-time":"2021-11-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635897600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Forensic Sciences"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Population differences in dental development between Black and White ethnic groups have been debated but not previously studied in the UK. Using inappropriate data for dental age estimation (DAE) could lead to erroneous results and injustice. Data were collected from dental panoramic radiographs of 5590 subjects aged 6\u201324\u00a0years in a teaching hospital archive. Demirjian stages were determined for left\u2010sided teeth and third molars and data collected regarding hypodontia and third molar agenesis. Third molar development in self\u2010assigned Black British, including other self\u2010assigned Black ethnicity, was compared with that of self\u2010assigned White British subjects. Data were compared for males and females in the two ethnic groups using <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\u2010tests for Demirjian Stages A\u2013G of third molar development and Mann\u2010Whitney tests for Stage H once a cut\u2010off age at the maximum age for Stage G had been imposed. Third molar development occurred earlier in subjects of Black ancestry compared to those of White ancestry. While both ethnic groups showed large age ranges for every third molar stage, in female subjects these generally occurred at least 1.5\u00a0years earlier, and in males at least one year earlier. Hypodontia and third molar agenesis were more prevalent in White British, but the ethnic difference in third molar development persisted in subjects with complete dentitions. This is a large study that confirms ethnic differences in a London population, emphasises the difficulties of establishing the 18\u2010year\u2010old threshold using DAE, and confirms the risk of overestimating the age of individuals of Black ethnicity using White ethnic reference data.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.14928","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,3]],"date-time":"2021-11-03T08:27:23Z","timestamp":1635928043000},"page":"229-242","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Third molar development in a London population of White British and Black British or other Black ethnicity"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"67","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3362-287X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sally E.","family":"Andrews","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Addenbrooke\u2019s Hospital University of Cambridge Cambridge UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Graham","family":"Roberts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics King\u2019s College Dental Institute London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pat","family":"Set","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Addenbrooke\u2019s Hospital Cambridge UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fiona","family":"Warburton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics King\u2019s College Dental Institute London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fiona J.","family":"Gilbert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Addenbrooke\u2019s Hospital University of Cambridge Cambridge UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","unstructured":"Local Government and Social Care Ombudsman.Report on an investigation into complaint no. 08 005 858 against Liverpool City Council. 24 March 2010.https:\/\/www.lgo.org.uk\/decisions\/children\u2010s\u2010care\u2010services\/other\/08\u2010005\u2010858. Accessed 3 Sept 2021."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","unstructured":"European Asylum Support Office (EASO).EASO Practical guide series: practical guide on age assessment.2nd ed. March 2018.https:\/\/www.easo.europa.eu\/sites\/default\/files\/easo\u2010practical\u2010guide\u2010on\u2010age\u2010assesment\u2010v3\u20102018.pdf. 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