{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T11:22:03Z","timestamp":1788348123392,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,26]],"date-time":"2022-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653523200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003200","name":"Kementerian Sains, Teknologi dan Inovasi","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IF0618F1022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IF0618F1022"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003200","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004595","name":"Universiti Sains Malaysia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1001\/PPSK\/8012322"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1001\/PPSK\/8012322"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004595","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Forensic Sciences"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Presently, investigations of drug\u2010facilitated crimes (DFCs) rely on the detection of substances extracted from biological samples following intake by the victim. However, such detection requires rapid sampling and analysis prior to metabolism and elimination of the drugs from the body. In cases of suspected DFCs, drug\u2010spiked beverage samples, whether in liquid, droplet, or even dried form, can be tested for the presence of spike drugs and used as evidence for the occurrence of DFCs. This study aimed to quantitatively determine three sedative\u2010hypnotics (ketamine, nimetazepam, and xylazine) from drug\u2010spiked beverages using a vortex\u2010assisted dispersive liquid\u2013liquid microextraction\u2010gas chromatography (VADLLME\u2010GC) approach. In this study, a GC method was first developed and validated, followed by the optimization of the VADLLME protocol, which was then applied to quantify the target substances in simulated forensic case scenarios. The developed GC method was selective, sensitive (limit of detection: 0.08\u2009\u03bcg\/ml [ketamine]; 0.16\u2009\u03bcg\/ml [nimetazepam]; 0.08\u2009\u03bcg\/ml [xylazine]), linear (<jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u2009&gt;\u20090.99), precise (%RSD &lt;7.2%), and accurate (% recovery: 92.8%\u2013103.5%). Higher recoveries were achieved for the three drugs from beverage samples in liquid form (51%\u201397%) as compared to droplet (48%\u201396%) and dried (44%\u201393%) residues. The recovery was not hindered by very low volumes of spiked beverage and dried residues. In conclusion, the developed VADLLME\u2010GC method successfully recovered ketamine, nimetazepam, and xylazine from spiked beverages that are likely to be encountered during forensic investigation of DFCs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.15068","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,26]],"date-time":"2022-05-26T13:24:51Z","timestamp":1653571491000},"page":"1836-1845","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Vortex\u2010assisted dispersive liquid\u2013liquid <scp>microextraction\u2010gas<\/scp> chromatography (<scp>VADLLME\u2010GC<\/scp>) determination of residual ketamine, nimetazepam, and xylazine from drug\u2010spiked beverages appearing in liquid, droplet, and dry forms"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"67","author":[{"given":"Way Koon","family":"Teoh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Forensic Science Programme, School of Health Sciences Universiti Sains Malaysia  Kubang Kerian Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nabeesathul Sumayya","family":"Mohamed Sadiq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forensic Science Programme, School of Health Sciences Universiti Sains Malaysia  Kubang Kerian Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kasrin","family":"Saisahas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forensic Science Programme, School of Health Sciences Universiti Sains Malaysia  Kubang Kerian Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Apichai","family":"Phoncai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Health and Applied Sciences, Faculty of Science Prince of Songkla University  Hat Yai, Songkhla Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vanitha","family":"Kunalan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Narcotics Division, Forensic Science Analysis Centre Department of Chemistry  Petaling Jaya Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noor Zuhartini","family":"Md Muslim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forensic Science Programme, School of Health Sciences Universiti Sains Malaysia  Kubang Kerian Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Warakorn","family":"Limbut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Health and Applied Sciences, Faculty of Science Prince of Songkla University  Hat Yai, Songkhla Thailand"},{"name":"Center of Excellence for Trace Analysis and Biosensors (TAB\u2010CoE) Prince of Songkla University  Hat Yai, Songkhla Thailand"},{"name":"Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science Prince of Songkla University  Hat Yai, Songkhla Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7214-8675","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kah Haw","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forensic Science Programme, School of Health Sciences Universiti Sains Malaysia  Kubang Kerian Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2545-7472","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmad Fahmi Lim","family":"Abdullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forensic Science Programme, School of Health Sciences Universiti Sains Malaysia  Kubang Kerian Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838008320221"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s41935\u2010018\u20100100\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2017.02.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.335"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkv014"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","first-page":"457","article-title":"Simultaneous determination of six benzodiazepines in spiked soft drinks by high performance liquid chromatography with ultra violet detection (HPLC\u2010UV)","volume":"15","author":"Soltaninejad K","year":"2016","journal-title":"Iran J Pharm Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scijus.2011.08.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0089031"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","first-page":"27","article-title":"The quantitation of nimetazepam in erimin\u20105 tablets and powders by reverse\u2010phase HPLC","volume":"2","author":"Chong YK","year":"2004","journal-title":"Microgram"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","unstructured":"Drug Enforcement Administration.List of scheduling actions controlled substances and regulated chemicals.2022. 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