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Macroscopic and microscopic metric and morphological comparisons of subadult crania ranging from perinatal to 17\u2009years of age chronicle the ontogenetic development and spatial and temporal variability in the emergence of a mature cranial architecture. Cranial vault thickness increases with subadult age, accelerating in the first 2\u2009years of life due to rapid brain growth during this period. Three\u2010layer differentiation of the cranial tables and diplo\u00eb initiates by 3\u20136\u00a0months but is not consistently observed until 18\u2009months to 2\u2009years; diplo\u00eb formation is not well developed until after age 4 and does not manifest a mature appearance until after age 8. These results allow topographic documentation of cortical and diploic development and temporal and spatial variability across the growing cranium. The lateral cranial vault is identified as expressing delayed development and reduced expression of the three\u2010layer architecture, a pattern that continues into adulthood. Comparison of fracture locations from known BFT pediatric cases with identified cranial fracture high\u2010risk impact regions shows a concordance and suggests the presence of a higher fracture risk associated with non\u2010accidental BFT in the lateral vault region in subadults below the age of 2. The absence or lesser development of a three\u2010layered architecture in subadults leaves their cranial bones, particularly in the lateral vault, thin and vulnerable to the effects of BFT.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.15183","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,19]],"date-time":"2022-12-19T01:57:09Z","timestamp":1671415029000},"page":"46-58","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Fatal non\u2010accidental pediatric cranial fracture risk and three\u2010layered cranial architecture development"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"68","author":[{"given":"Donna C.","family":"Boyd","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropological Sciences Radford University Forensic Science Institute  Radford Virginia USA"},{"name":"Department of Basic Science Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine  Roanoke Virginia USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kimber G.","family":"Cheek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology University of Tennessee  Knoxville Tennessee USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C. 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